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Annotation of wikisrc/ports/xen/howto.mdwn, revision 1.109

1.5 mspo 1: Introduction
1.13 gdt 2: ============
1.1 mspo 3:
4: [![[Xen
1.57 gdt 5: screenshot]](http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/in-Action/hubertf-xens.png)](http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/in-Action/hubertf-xen.png)
1.1 mspo 6:
1.58 gdt 7: Xen is a hypervisor (or virtual machine monitor) for x86 hardware
1.12 gdt 8: (i686-class or higher), which supports running multiple guest
1.58 gdt 9: operating systems on a single physical machine. Xen is a Type 1 or
10: bare-metal hypervisor; one uses the Xen kernel to control the CPU,
11: memory and console, a dom0 operating system which mediates access to
12: other hardware (e.g., disks, network, USB), and one or more domU
13: operating systems which operate in an unprivileged virtualized
14: environment. IO requests from the domU systems are forwarded by the
15: hypervisor (Xen) to the dom0 to be fulfilled.
1.12 gdt 16:
17: Xen supports two styles of guests. The original is Para-Virtualized
18: (PV) which means that the guest OS does not attempt to access hardware
19: directly, but instead makes hypercalls to the hypervisor. This is
20: analogous to a user-space program making system calls. (The dom0
21: operating system uses PV calls for some functions, such as updating
22: memory mapping page tables, but has direct hardware access for disk
23: and network.) PV guests must be specifically coded for Xen.
24:
25: The more recent style is HVM, which means that the guest does not have
26: code for Xen and need not be aware that it is running under Xen.
27: Attempts to access hardware registers are trapped and emulated. This
28: style is less efficient but can run unmodified guests.
29:
1.29 gdt 30: Generally any amd64 machine will work with Xen and PV guests. In
31: theory i386 computers without amd64 support can be used for Xen <=
32: 4.2, but we have no recent reports of this working (this is a hint).
33: For HVM guests, the VT or VMX cpu feature (Intel) or SVM/HVM/VT
34: (amd64) is needed; "cpuctl identify 0" will show this. TODO: Clean up
35: and check the above features.
1.19 gdt 36:
1.27 jnemeth 37: At boot, the dom0 kernel is loaded as a module with Xen as the kernel.
1.12 gdt 38: The dom0 can start one or more domUs. (Booting is explained in detail
39: in the dom0 section.)
40:
41: NetBSD supports Xen in that it can serve as dom0, be used as a domU,
42: and that Xen kernels and tools are available in pkgsrc. This HOWTO
43: attempts to address both the case of running a NetBSD dom0 on hardware
1.24 gdt 44: and running domUs under it (NetBSD and other), and also running NetBSD
45: as a domU in a VPS.
1.12 gdt 46:
1.20 gdt 47: Some versions of Xen support "PCI passthrough", which means that
48: specific PCI devices can be made available to a specific domU instead
49: of the dom0. This can be useful to let a domU run X11, or access some
50: network interface or other peripheral.
51:
1.104 gdt 52: NetBSD 6 and earlier supported Xen 2; support was removed fro NetBSD
53: 7. Xen 2 has been removed from pkgsrc.
1.54 gdt 54:
1.12 gdt 55: Prerequisites
1.13 gdt 56: -------------
1.12 gdt 57:
58: Installing NetBSD/Xen is not extremely difficult, but it is more
59: complex than a normal installation of NetBSD.
1.15 gdt 60: In general, this HOWTO is occasionally overly restrictive about how
61: things must be done, guiding the reader to stay on the established
62: path when there are no known good reasons to stray.
1.12 gdt 63:
64: This HOWTO presumes a basic familiarity with the Xen system
1.16 gdt 65: architecture. This HOWTO presumes familiarity with installing NetBSD
66: on i386/amd64 hardware and installing software from pkgsrc.
1.27 jnemeth 67: See also the [Xen website](http://www.xenproject.org/).
1.1 mspo 68:
1.15 gdt 69: Versions of Xen and NetBSD
70: ==========================
71:
1.27 jnemeth 72: Most of the installation concepts and instructions are independent
73: of Xen version and NetBSD version. This section gives advice on
74: which version to choose. Versions not in pkgsrc and older unsupported
75: versions of NetBSD are intentionally ignored.
1.15 gdt 76:
77: Xen
78: ---
79:
80: In NetBSD, xen is provided in pkgsrc, via matching pairs of packages
81: xenkernel and xentools. We will refer only to the kernel versions,
82: but note that both packages must be installed together and must have
83: matching versions.
84:
1.104 gdt 85: xenkernel3 provides Xen 3.1. It is no longer maintained by Xen, and the last applied security patch was in
86: 2011. Thus, it should not be used. It supports PCI passthrough,
87: which is why people use it anyway. Xen 3.1 supports i386, both PAE and
88: non-PAE.
89:
90: xenkernel33 provides Xen 3.3. It is no longer maintained by Xen, and
91: the last applied security patch was in 2012. Thus, it should not be
92: used. Xen 3.3 supports i386, but only in PAE mode. There are no good
93: reasons to run this version.
94:
95: xenkernel41 provides Xen 4.1. It is no longer maintained by Xen, but
96: as of 2016-11 received backported security patches. Xen 4.1 supports
97: i386, but only in PAE mode. There are no good reasons to run this
98: version.
1.102 gdt 99:
1.104 gdt 100: xenkernel42 provides Xen 4.2. It is no longer maintained by Xen, but
101: as of 2016-11 received backported security patches. Xen 4.2 supports
102: i386, but only in PAE mode. The only reason to run this is if you
103: need to use xm instead of xl, or if you need to run an i386 dom0
104: (because your hardware is i386 only).
105:
106: xenkernel45 provides Xen 4.5. It is no longer maintained by Xen, but
107: as of 2016-11 it received security patches. Xen 4.5 requires an amd64
108: dom0, but domUs can be amd64 or i386 PAE. TODO: It is either a
109: conservative choice or somewhat old.
110:
111: xenkernel45 provides Xen 4.6. It is new to pkgsrc in 2016-05. It is
112: no longer maintained by Xen, but as of 2016-11 it received security
113: patches. Xen 4.6 requires an amd64 dom0, but domUs can be amd64 or
114: i386 PAE. TODO: It is either a somewhat aggressive choice or the
115: standard choice
1.85 gdt 116:
1.96 gdt 117: See also the [Xen Security Advisory page](http://xenbits.xen.org/xsa/).
118:
1.15 gdt 119: Ideally newer versions of Xen will be added to pkgsrc.
120:
1.85 gdt 121: Note that NetBSD support is called XEN3. It works with Xen 3 and Xen
122: 4 because the hypercall interface has been stable.
1.20 gdt 123:
1.19 gdt 124: Xen command program
125: -------------------
126:
1.79 gdt 127: Early Xen used a program called xm to manipulate the system from the
1.19 gdt 128: dom0. Starting in 4.1, a replacement program with similar behavior
1.79 gdt 129: called xl is provided, but it does not work well in 4.1. In 4.2, both
130: xm and xl work fine. 4.4 is the last version that has xm. You must
131: choose one or the other, because it affects which daemons you run.
1.106 gdt 132: However, the rc.d scripts provided by xentools packages expect a
133: particular version, and you should use the version used by the
134: scripts.
1.19 gdt 135:
1.15 gdt 136: NetBSD
137: ------
138:
1.105 gdt 139: The netbsd-6, netbsd-7, and -current branches are all reasonable
140: choices, with more or less the same considerations for non-Xen use.
141: Therefore, netbsd-7 is recommended as the stable version of the most
142: recent release for production use. For those wanting to learn Xen or
143: without production stability concerns, netbsd-7 is still likely most
1.107 gdt 144: appropriate, but -current is also a reasonable choice. Xen runs fine
145: on netbsd-5, but the xentools packages are likely difficult to build.
1.15 gdt 146:
147: As of NetBSD 6, a NetBSD domU will support multiple vcpus. There is
148: no SMP support for NetBSD as dom0. (The dom0 itself doesn't really
1.105 gdt 149: need SMP for dom0 functions; the lack of support is really a problem
150: when using a dom0 as a normal computer.)
1.15 gdt 151:
1.18 gdt 152: Architecture
153: ------------
154:
1.108 gdt 155: Xen itself can run on i386 (Xen < 3.1) or amd64 machines (all Xen
1.105 gdt 156: versions). (Practically, almost any computer where one would want to
157: run Xen today supports amd64.)
1.99 gdt 158:
159: Xen, the dom0 kernel, and each domU kernel can be either i386 or
160: amd64. When building a xenkernel package, one obtains i386 on an i386
161: host, and amd64 on an amd64 host. If the xen kernel is i386, then the
162: dom0 kernel and all domU kernels must be i386. With an amd64 xen
1.105 gdt 163: kernel, an amd64 dom0 kernel is known to work, and an i386PAE dom0
164: kernel should in theory work. An amd64 xen/dom0 is known to support
165: both i386PAE and amd64 domUs.
1.99 gdt 166:
1.101 gdt 167: i386 dom0 and domU kernels must be PAE (except for Xen 3.1); these are
168: built by default. (Note that emacs (at least) fails if run on i386
169: with PAE when built without, and vice versa, presumably due to bugs in
170: the undump code.)
1.99 gdt 171:
172: Because of the above, the standard approach is to use amd64 for the
173: dom0.
1.29 gdt 174:
175: Xen 4.2 is the last version to support i386 as a host. TODO: Clarify
1.100 gdt 176: if this is about the CPU, the xen kernel, or the dom0 kernel having to
177: be amd64.
178:
1.29 gdt 179:
1.89 gdt 180: Stability
181: ---------
182:
183: Mostly, NetBSD as a dom0 or domU is quite stable.
184: However, there are some open PRs indicating problems.
185:
1.91 gdt 186: - [PR 48125](http://gnats.netbsd.org/48125)
187: - [PR 47720](http://gnats.netbsd.org/47720)
1.89 gdt 188:
189: Note also that there are issues with sparse vnd(4) instances, but
1.105 gdt 190: these are not about Xen -- they just are noticed with sparse vnd(4)
191: instances in support of virtual disks in a dom0.
1.89 gdt 192:
1.15 gdt 193: Recommendation
194: --------------
195:
1.105 gdt 196: Therefore, this HOWTO recommends running xenkernel45 or xenkernel46,
197: xl, the NetBSD 7 stable branch, and to use an amd64 kernel as the
198: dom0. Either the i386PAE or amd64 version of NetBSD may be used as
199: domUs.
1.15 gdt 200:
1.36 gdt 201: Build problems
202: --------------
203:
204: Ideally, all versions of Xen in pkgsrc would build on all versions of
205: NetBSD on both i386 and amd64. However, that isn't the case. Besides
206: aging code and aging compilers, qemu (included in xentools for HVM
1.62 gdt 207: support) is difficult to build. The following are known to work or FAIL:
1.36 gdt 208:
1.62 gdt 209: xenkernel3 netbsd-5 amd64
1.63 gdt 210: xentools3 netbsd-5 amd64
1.64 gdt 211: xentools3=hvm netbsd-5 amd64 ????
1.62 gdt 212: xenkernel33 netbsd-5 amd64
1.63 gdt 213: xentools33 netbsd-5 amd64
1.36 gdt 214: xenkernel41 netbsd-5 amd64
215: xentools41 netbsd-5 amd64
1.62 gdt 216: xenkernel42 netbsd-5 amd64
1.64 gdt 217: xentools42 netbsd-5 amd64
1.62 gdt 218:
219: xenkernel3 netbsd-6 i386 FAIL
220: xentools3 netbsd-6 i386
1.63 gdt 221: xentools3-hvm netbsd-6 i386 FAIL (dependencies fail)
222: xenkernel33 netbsd-6 i386
223: xentools33 netbsd-6 i386
1.36 gdt 224: xenkernel41 netbsd-6 i386
225: xentools41 netbsd-6 i386
1.63 gdt 226: xenkernel42 netbsd-6 i386
1.64 gdt 227: xentools42 netbsd-6 i386 *MIXED
228:
1.69 gdt 229: (all 3 and 33 seem to FAIL)
230: xenkernel41 netbsd-7 i386
231: xentools41 netbsd-7 i386
232: xenkernel42 netbsd-7 i386
233: xentools42 netbsd-7 i386 ??FAIL
234:
1.64 gdt 235: (*On netbsd-6 i386, there is a xentools42 in the 2014Q3 official builds,
236: but it does not build for gdt.)
1.36 gdt 237:
1.15 gdt 238: NetBSD as a dom0
239: ================
240:
241: NetBSD can be used as a dom0 and works very well. The following
242: sections address installation, updating NetBSD, and updating Xen.
1.19 gdt 243: Note that it doesn't make sense to talk about installing a dom0 OS
244: without also installing Xen itself. We first address installing
245: NetBSD, which is not yet a dom0, and then adding Xen, pivoting the
246: NetBSD install to a dom0 install by just changing the kernel and boot
247: configuration.
1.15 gdt 248:
1.45 gdt 249: For experimenting with Xen, a machine with as little as 1G of RAM and
250: 100G of disk can work. For running many domUs in productions, far
251: more will be needed.
252:
1.15 gdt 253: Styles of dom0 operation
254: ------------------------
255:
256: There are two basic ways to use Xen. The traditional method is for
257: the dom0 to do absolutely nothing other than providing support to some
258: number of domUs. Such a system was probably installed for the sole
259: purpose of hosting domUs, and sits in a server room on a UPS.
260:
261: The other way is to put Xen under a normal-usage computer, so that the
262: dom0 is what the computer would have been without Xen, perhaps a
263: desktop or laptop. Then, one can run domUs at will. Purists will
264: deride this as less secure than the previous approach, and for a
265: computer whose purpose is to run domUs, they are right. But Xen and a
1.93 gdt 266: dom0 (without domUs) is not meaningfully less secure than the same
1.15 gdt 267: things running without Xen. One can boot Xen or boot regular NetBSD
268: alternately with little problems, simply refraining from starting the
269: Xen daemons when not running Xen.
270:
271: Note that NetBSD as dom0 does not support multiple CPUs. This will
1.51 gdt 272: limit the performance of the Xen/dom0 workstation approach. In theory
273: the only issue is that the "backend drivers" are not yet MPSAFE:
274: http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/2014/08/29/msg015195.html
1.15 gdt 275:
1.19 gdt 276: Installation of NetBSD
277: ----------------------
1.13 gdt 278:
1.19 gdt 279: First,
1.27 jnemeth 280: [install NetBSD/amd64](/guide/inst/)
1.19 gdt 281: just as you would if you were not using Xen.
282: However, the partitioning approach is very important.
283:
284: If you want to use RAIDframe for the dom0, there are no special issues
285: for Xen. Typically one provides RAID storage for the dom0, and the
1.22 gdt 286: domU systems are unaware of RAID. The 2nd-stage loader bootxx_* skips
287: over a RAID1 header to find /boot from a filesystem within a RAID
288: partition; this is no different when booting Xen.
1.19 gdt 289:
290: There are 4 styles of providing backing storage for the virtual disks
1.93 gdt 291: used by domUs: raw partitions, LVM, file-backed vnd(4), and SAN.
1.19 gdt 292:
293: With raw partitions, one has a disklabel (or gpt) partition sized for
294: each virtual disk to be used by the domU. (If you are able to predict
295: how domU usage will evolve, please add an explanation to the HOWTO.
296: Seriously, needs tend to change over time.)
297:
1.27 jnemeth 298: One can use [lvm(8)](/guide/lvm/) to create logical devices to use
299: for domU disks. This is almost as efficient as raw disk partitions
300: and more flexible. Hence raw disk partitions should typically not
301: be used.
1.19 gdt 302:
303: One can use files in the dom0 filesystem, typically created by dd'ing
304: /dev/zero to create a specific size. This is somewhat less efficient,
305: but very convenient, as one can cp the files for backup, or move them
306: between dom0 hosts.
307:
308: Finally, in theory one can place the files backing the domU disks in a
309: SAN. (This is an invitation for someone who has done this to add a
310: HOWTO page.)
1.1 mspo 311:
1.19 gdt 312: Installation of Xen
313: -------------------
1.1 mspo 314:
1.20 gdt 315: In the dom0, install sysutils/xenkernel42 and sysutils/xentools42 from
316: pkgsrc (or another matching pair).
317: See [the pkgsrc
318: documentation](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/) for help with pkgsrc.
319:
320: For Xen 3.1, support for HVM guests is in sysutils/xentool3-hvm. More
321: recent versions have HVM support integrated in the main xentools
322: package. It is entirely reasonable to run only PV guests.
323:
324: Next you need to install the selected Xen kernel itself, which is
325: installed by pkgsrc as "/usr/pkg/xen*-kernel/xen.gz". Copy it to /.
326: For debugging, one may copy xen-debug.gz; this is conceptually similar
327: to DIAGNOSTIC and DEBUG in NetBSD. xen-debug.gz is basically only
328: useful with a serial console. Then, place a NetBSD XEN3_DOM0 kernel
329: in /, copied from releasedir/amd64/binary/kernel/netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz
1.75 gdt 330: of a NetBSD build. If using i386, use
331: releasedir/i386/binary/kernel/netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.gz. (If using Xen
332: 3.1 and i386, you may use XEN3_DOM0 with the non-PAE Xen. But you
333: should not use Xen 3.1.) Both xen and the NetBSD kernel may be (and
334: typically are) left compressed.
335:
336: In a dom0 kernel, kernfs is mandatory for xend to comunicate with the
337: kernel, so ensure that /kern is in fstab. TODO: Say this is default,
338: or file a PR and give a reference.
1.20 gdt 339:
340: Because you already installed NetBSD, you have a working boot setup
341: with an MBR bootblock, either bootxx_ffsv1 or bootxx_ffsv2 at the
342: beginning of your root filesystem, /boot present, and likely
343: /boot.cfg. (If not, fix before continuing!)
344:
1.76 gdt 345: Add a line to to /boot.cfg to boot Xen. See boot.cfg(5) for an
346: example. The basic line is
1.20 gdt 347:
1.37 gdt 348: menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M
1.20 gdt 349:
350: which specifies that the dom0 should have 256M, leaving the rest to be
1.77 gdt 351: allocated for domUs. To use a serial console, use
352:
353: menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz console=com0;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M console=com1 com1=9600,8n1
354:
355: which will use the first serial port for Xen (which counts starting
356: from 1), forcing speed/parity, and also for NetBSD (which counts
357: starting at 0). In an attempt to add performance, one can also add
1.37 gdt 358:
359: dom0_max_vcpus=1 dom0_vcpus_pin
360:
361: to force only one vcpu to be provided (since NetBSD dom0 can't use
362: more) and to pin that vcpu to a physical cpu. TODO: benchmark this.
1.20 gdt 363:
1.93 gdt 364: Xen has [many boot
365: options](http://xenbits.xenproject.org/docs/4.5-testing/misc/xen-command-line.html),
366: and other tham dom0 memory and max_vcpus, they are generally not
367: necessary.
368:
1.20 gdt 369: As with non-Xen systems, you should have a line to boot /netbsd (a
370: kernel that works without Xen) and fallback versions of the non-Xen
371: kernel, Xen, and the dom0 kernel.
1.1 mspo 372:
1.76 gdt 373: Now, reboot so that you are running a DOM0 kernel under Xen, rather
374: than GENERIC without Xen.
375:
1.54 gdt 376: Using grub (historic)
377: ---------------------
378:
379: Before NetBSD's native bootloader could support Xen, the use of
380: grub was recommended. If necessary, see the
381: [old grub information](/ports/xen/howto-grub/).
382:
1.28 gdt 383: The [HowTo on Installing into
384: RAID-1](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-xen/2006/03/01/0010.html)
385: explains how to set up booting a dom0 with Xen using grub with
386: NetBSD's RAIDframe. (This is obsolete with the use of NetBSD's native
387: boot.)
388:
1.21 gdt 389: Configuring Xen
390: ---------------
391:
1.53 gdt 392: Xen logs will be in /var/log/xen.
393:
1.76 gdt 394: Now, you have a system that will boot Xen and the dom0 kernel, but not
395: do anything else special. Make sure that you have rebooted into Xen.
396: There will be no domUs, and none can be started because you still have
1.102 gdt 397: to configure the dom0 daemons.
1.21 gdt 398:
1.102 gdt 399: The daemons which should be run vary with Xen version and with whether
400: one is using xm or xl. The Xen 3.1 and 3.3 packages use xm. Xen 4.1
401: and higher packages use xl. While is is possible to use xm with some
402: 4.x versions (TODO: 4.1 and 4.2?), the pkgsrc-provided rc.d scripts do
403: not support this as of 2014-12-26, and thus the HOWTO does not support
404: it either. (Make sure your packages are reasonably recent.)
1.43 gdt 405:
1.102 gdt 406: For "xm" (3.1 and 3.3), you should enable xend and xenbackendd (but
407: note that you should be using 4.x):
1.31 gdt 408:
1.32 gdt 409: xend=YES
410: xenbackendd=YES
1.31 gdt 411:
1.102 gdt 412: For "xl" (4.x), you should enabled xend and xencommons (xenstored).
413: Trying to boot 4.x without xencommons=YES will result in a hang; it is
414: necessary to hig ^C on the console to let the machine finish booting.
415: TODO: explain why xend is installed by the package.
1.31 gdt 416:
1.53 gdt 417: xencommons=YES
1.31 gdt 418:
1.102 gdt 419: The installation of NetBSD should already have created devices for xen
420: (xencons, xenevt), but if they are not present, create them:
1.31 gdt 421:
1.102 gdt 422: cd /dev && sh MAKEDEV xen
1.86 gdt 423:
1.31 gdt 424: TODO: Recommend for/against xen-watchdog.
1.27 jnemeth 425:
1.53 gdt 426: After you have configured the daemons and either started them (in the
1.79 gdt 427: order given) or rebooted, use xm or xl to inspect Xen's boot messages,
1.102 gdt 428: available resources, and running domains. An example with xl follows:
1.34 gdt 429:
1.102 gdt 430: # xl dmesg
1.43 gdt 431: [xen's boot info]
1.102 gdt 432: # xl info
1.43 gdt 433: [available memory, etc.]
1.102 gdt 434: # xl list
1.43 gdt 435: Name Id Mem(MB) CPU State Time(s) Console
436: Domain-0 0 64 0 r---- 58.1
1.33 gdt 437:
1.88 gdt 438: ### Issues with xencommons
439:
440: xencommons starts xenstored, which stores data on behalf of dom0 and
441: domUs. It does not currently work to stop and start xenstored.
442: Certainly all domUs should be shutdown first, following the sort order
443: of the rc.d scripts. However, the dom0 sets up state with xenstored,
444: and is not notified when xenstored exits, leading to not recreating
445: the state when the new xenstored starts. Until there's a mechanism to
446: make this work, one should not expect to be able to restart xenstored
447: (and thus xencommons). There is currently no reason to expect that
448: this will get fixed any time soon.
449:
1.41 gdt 450: anita (for testing NetBSD)
451: --------------------------
452:
1.82 gdt 453: With the setup so far (assuming 4.2/xl), one should be able to run
454: anita (see pkgsrc/misc/py-anita) to test NetBSD releases, by doing (as
455: root, because anita must create a domU):
456:
457: anita --vmm=xl test file:///usr/obj/i386/
458:
459: Alternatively, one can use --vmm=xm to use xm-based domU creation
460: instead (and must, on Xen <= 4.1). TODO: confirm that anita xl really works.
461:
1.40 gdt 462: Xen-specific NetBSD issues
463: --------------------------
464:
465: There are (at least) two additional things different about NetBSD as a
466: dom0 kernel compared to hardware.
467:
1.109 ! gdt 468: One is that the module ABI is different because some of the #ddefines
! 469: change, so one must build modules for Xen. As of netbsd-7, the build
! 470: system does this automatically. TODO: check this. (Before building
! 471: Xen modules was added, it was awkward to use modules to the point
! 472: where it was considered that it did not work.)
1.40 gdt 473:
474: The other difference is that XEN3_DOM0 does not have exactly the same
475: options as GENERIC. While it is debatable whether or not this is a
476: bug, users should be aware of this and can simply add missing config
477: items if desired.
478:
1.15 gdt 479: Updating NetBSD in a dom0
480: -------------------------
481:
482: This is just like updating NetBSD on bare hardware, assuming the new
483: version supports the version of Xen you are running. Generally, one
484: replaces the kernel and reboots, and then overlays userland binaries
485: and adjusts /etc.
486:
487: Note that one must update both the non-Xen kernel typically used for
488: rescue purposes and the DOM0 kernel used with Xen.
489:
1.55 gdt 490: Converting from grub to /boot
491: -----------------------------
492:
493: These instructions were [TODO: will be] used to convert a system from
494: grub to /boot. The system was originally installed in February of
495: 2006 with a RAID1 setup and grub to boot Xen 2, and has been updated
496: over time. Before these commands, it was running NetBSD 6 i386, Xen
497: 4.1 and grub, much like the message linked earlier in the grub
498: section.
499:
500: # Install mbr bootblocks on both disks.
501: fdisk -i /dev/rwd0d
502: fdisk -i /dev/rwd1d
503: # Install NetBSD primary boot loader (/ is FFSv1) into RAID1 components.
504: installboot -v /dev/rwd0d /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1
505: installboot -v /dev/rwd1d /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1
506: # Install secondary boot loader
507: cp -p /usr/mdec/boot /
508: # Create boog.cfg following earlier guidance:
509: menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M
510: menu=Xen.ok:load /netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.ok.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.ok.gz dom0_mem=256M
511: menu=GENERIC:boot
512: menu=GENERIC single-user:boot -s
513: menu=GENERIC.ok:boot netbsd.ok
514: menu=GENERIC.ok single-user:boot netbsd.ok -s
515: menu=Drop to boot prompt:prompt
516: default=1
517: timeout=30
518:
519: TODO: actually do this and fix it if necessary.
1.22 gdt 520:
1.102 gdt 521: Upgrading Xen versions
1.15 gdt 522: ---------------------
523:
1.21 gdt 524: Updating Xen is conceptually not difficult, but can run into all the
525: issues found when installing Xen. Assuming migration from 4.1 to 4.2,
526: remove the xenkernel41 and xentools41 packages and install the
527: xenkernel42 and xentools42 packages. Copy the 4.2 xen.gz to /.
528:
1.102 gdt 529: Ensure that the contents of /etc/rc.d/xen* are correct. Specifically,
530: they must match the package you just installed and not be left over
531: from some previous installation.
532:
533: Enable the correct set of daemons; see the configuring section above.
534: (Upgrading from 3.x to 4.x without doing this will result in a hang.)
535:
536: Ensure that the domU config files are valid for the new version.
537: Specifically: remove autorestart=True, and ensure that disks are
538: specified with numbers as the second argument, as the examples above
539: show, and not NetBSD device names.
1.15 gdt 540:
1.97 gdt 541: Hardware known to work
542: ----------------------
543:
544: Arguably, this section is misplaced, and there should be a page of
545: hardware that runs NetBSD/amd64 well, with the mostly-well-founded
546: assumption that NetBSD/xen runs fine on any modern hardware that
547: NetBSD/amd64 runs well on. Until then, we give motherboard/CPU/RAM
548: triples to aid those choosing a motherboard. Note that Xen systems
549: usually do not run X, so a listing here does not imply that X works at
550: all.
551:
552: Supermicro X9SRL-F, Xeon E5-1650 v2, 96 GiB ECC
553: Supermicro ??, Atom C2758 (8 core), 32 GiB ECC
554: ASUS M5A78L-M/USB3 AM3+ microATX, AMD Piledriver X8 4000MHz, 16 GiB ECC
555:
556: Older hardware:
557:
1.98 gdt 558: Intel D915GEV, Pentium4 CPU 3.40GHz, 4GB 533MHz Synchronous DDR2
1.28 gdt 559:
1.82 gdt 560: Running Xen under qemu
561: ----------------------
562:
563: The astute reader will note that this section is somewhat twisted.
564: However, it can be useful to run Xen under qemu either because the
565: version of NetBSD as a dom0 does not run on the hardware in use, or to
566: generate automated test cases involving Xen.
567:
1.84 gdt 568: In 2015-01, the following combination was reported to mostly work:
1.82 gdt 569:
570: host OS: NetBSD/amd64 6.1.4
571: qemu: 2.2.0 from pkgsrc
572: Xen kernel: xenkernel42-4.2.5nb1 from pkgsrc
573: dom0 kernel: NetBSD/amd64 6.1.5
574: Xen tools: xentools42-4.2.5 from pkgsrc
575:
1.91 gdt 576: See [PR 47720](http://gnats.netbsd.org/47720) for a problem with dom0
577: shutdown.
1.84 gdt 578:
1.28 gdt 579: Unprivileged domains (domU)
580: ===========================
581:
582: This section describes general concepts about domUs. It does not
1.33 gdt 583: address specific domU operating systems or how to install them. The
584: config files for domUs are typically in /usr/pkg/etc/xen, and are
1.60 wiki 585: typically named so that the file name, domU name and the domU's host
1.33 gdt 586: name match.
587:
588: The domU is provided with cpu and memory by Xen, configured by the
589: dom0. The domU is provided with disk and network by the dom0,
590: mediated by Xen, and configured in the dom0.
591:
592: Entropy in domUs can be an issue; physical disks and network are on
593: the dom0. NetBSD's /dev/random system works, but is often challenged.
594:
1.48 gdt 595: Config files
596: ------------
597:
598: There is no good order to present config files and the concepts
599: surrounding what is being configured. We first show an example config
600: file, and then in the various sections give details.
601:
602: See (at least in xentools41) /usr/pkg/share/examples/xen/xmexample*,
603: for a large number of well-commented examples, mostly for running
604: GNU/Linux.
605:
606: The following is an example minimal domain configuration file
607: "/usr/pkg/etc/xen/foo". It is (with only a name change) an actual
608: known working config file on Xen 4.1 (NetBSD 5 amd64 dom0 and NetBSD 5
609: i386 domU). The domU serves as a network file server.
610:
611: # -*- mode: python; -*-
612:
613: kernel = "/netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOMU-i386-foo.gz"
614: memory = 1024
615: vif = [ 'mac=aa:00:00:d1:00:09,bridge=bridge0' ]
616: disk = [ 'file:/n0/xen/foo-wd0,0x0,w',
617: 'file:/n0/xen/foo-wd1,0x1,w' ]
618:
619: The domain will have the same name as the file. The kernel has the
620: host/domU name in it, so that on the dom0 one can update the various
621: domUs independently. The vif line causes an interface to be provided,
622: with a specific mac address (do not reuse MAC addresses!), in bridge
623: mode. Two disks are provided, and they are both writable; the bits
624: are stored in files and Xen attaches them to a vnd(4) device in the
625: dom0 on domain creation. The system treates xbd0 as the boot device
626: without needing explicit configuration.
627:
628: By default xm looks for domain config files in /usr/pkg/etc/xen. Note
629: that "xm create" takes the name of a config file, while other commands
630: take the name of a domain. To create the domain, connect to the
631: console, create the domain while attaching the console, shutdown the
632: domain, and see if it has finished stopping, do (or xl with Xen >=
633: 4.2):
634:
635: xm create foo
636: xm console foo
637: xm create -c foo
638: xm shutdown foo
1.90 gdt 639: xm list
1.48 gdt 640:
641: Typing ^] will exit the console session. Shutting down a domain is
642: equivalent to pushing the power button; a NetBSD domU will receive a
643: power-press event and do a clean shutdown. Shutting down the dom0
644: will trigger controlled shutdowns of all configured domUs.
645:
646: domU kernels
647: ------------
648:
649: On a physical computer, the BIOS reads sector 0, and a chain of boot
650: loaders finds and loads a kernel. Normally this comes from the root
651: filesystem. With Xen domUs, the process is totally different. The
652: normal path is for the domU kernel to be a file in the dom0's
653: filesystem. At the request of the dom0, Xen loads that kernel into a
654: new domU instance and starts execution. While domU kernels can be
655: anyplace, reasonable places to store domU kernels on the dom0 are in /
656: (so they are near the dom0 kernel), in /usr/pkg/etc/xen (near the
657: config files), or in /u0/xen (where the vdisks are).
658:
1.59 gdt 659: Note that loading the domU kernel from the dom0 implies that boot
660: blocks, /boot, /boot.cfg, and so on are all ignored in the domU.
1.48 gdt 661: See the VPS section near the end for discussion of alternate ways to
662: obtain domU kernels.
663:
1.33 gdt 664: CPU and memory
665: --------------
666:
1.48 gdt 667: A domain is provided with some number of vcpus, less than the number
668: of cpus seen by the hypervisor. (For a dom0, this is controlled by
669: the boot argument "dom0_max_vcpus=1".) For a domU, it is controlled
670: from the config file by the "vcpus = N" directive.
671:
672: A domain is provided with memory; this is controlled in the config
673: file by "memory = N" (in megabytes). In the straightforward case, the
674: sum of the the memory allocated to the dom0 and all domUs must be less
1.33 gdt 675: than the available memory.
676:
677: Xen also provides a "balloon" driver, which can be used to let domains
678: use more memory temporarily. TODO: Explain better, and explain how
679: well it works with NetBSD.
1.28 gdt 680:
681: Virtual disks
682: -------------
683:
1.33 gdt 684: With the file/vnd style, typically one creates a directory,
685: e.g. /u0/xen, on a disk large enough to hold virtual disks for all
686: domUs. Then, for each domU disk, one writes zeros to a file that then
687: serves to hold the virtual disk's bits; a suggested name is foo-xbd0
688: for the first virtual disk for the domU called foo. Writing zeros to
689: the file serves two purposes. One is that preallocating the contents
690: improves performance. The other is that vnd on sparse files has
691: failed to work. TODO: give working/notworking NetBSD versions for
692: sparse vnd. Note that the use of file/vnd for Xen is not really
693: different than creating a file-backed virtual disk for some other
1.39 gdt 694: purpose, except that xentools handles the vnconfig commands. To
695: create an empty 4G virtual disk, simply do
696:
697: dd if=/dev/zero of=foo-xbd0 bs=1m count=4096
1.33 gdt 698:
1.89 gdt 699: Do not use qemu-img-xen, because this will create sparse file. There
700: have been recent (2015) reports of sparse vnd(4) devices causing
701: lockups, but there is apparently no PR.
702:
1.33 gdt 703: With the lvm style, one creates logical devices. They are then used
1.48 gdt 704: similarly to vnds. TODO: Add an example with lvm.
705:
706: In domU config files, the disks are defined as a sequence of 3-tuples.
707: The first element is "method:/path/to/disk". Common methods are
708: "file:" for file-backed vnd. and "phy:" for something that is already
709: a (TODO: character or block) device.
710:
711: The second element is an artifact of how virtual disks are passed to
712: Linux, and a source of confusion with NetBSD Xen usage. Linux domUs
713: are given a device name to associate with the disk, and values like
714: "hda1" or "sda1" are common. In a NetBSD domU, the first disk appears
715: as xbd0, the second as xbd1, and so on. However, xm/xl demand a
716: second argument. The name given is converted to a major/minor by
1.49 gdt 717: calling stat(2) on the name in /dev and this is passed to the domU.
718: In the general case, the dom0 and domU can be different operating
1.48 gdt 719: systems, and it is an unwarranted assumption that they have consistent
720: numbering in /dev, or even that the dom0 OS has a /dev. With NetBSD
721: as both dom0 and domU, using values of 0x0 for the first disk and 0x1
1.49 gdt 722: for the second works fine and avoids this issue. For a GNU/Linux
723: guest, one can create /dev/hda1 in /dev, or to pass 0x301 for
724: /dev/hda1.
1.48 gdt 725:
726: The third element is "w" for writable disks, and "r" for read-only
727: disks.
1.28 gdt 728:
729: Virtual Networking
730: ------------------
731:
1.46 gdt 732: Xen provides virtual ethernets, each of which connects the dom0 and a
733: domU. For each virtual network, there is an interface "xvifN.M" in
734: the dom0, and in domU index N, a matching interface xennetM (NetBSD
735: name). The interfaces behave as if there is an Ethernet with two
736: adaptors connected. From this primitive, one can construct various
737: configurations. We focus on two common and useful cases for which
738: there are existing scripts: bridging and NAT.
1.28 gdt 739:
1.48 gdt 740: With bridging (in the example above), the domU perceives itself to be
741: on the same network as the dom0. For server virtualization, this is
742: usually best. Bridging is accomplished by creating a bridge(4) device
743: and adding the dom0's physical interface and the various xvifN.0
744: interfaces to the bridge. One specifies "bridge=bridge0" in the domU
745: config file. The bridge must be set up already in the dom0; an
746: example /etc/ifconfig.bridge0 is:
1.46 gdt 747:
748: create
749: up
750: !brconfig bridge0 add wm0
1.28 gdt 751:
752: With NAT, the domU perceives itself to be behind a NAT running on the
753: dom0. This is often appropriate when running Xen on a workstation.
1.48 gdt 754: TODO: NAT appears to be configured by "vif = [ '' ]".
1.28 gdt 755:
1.49 gdt 756: The MAC address specified is the one used for the interface in the new
1.53 gdt 757: domain. The interface in dom0 will use this address XOR'd with
1.49 gdt 758: 00:00:00:01:00:00. Random MAC addresses are assigned if not given.
759:
1.33 gdt 760: Sizing domains
761: --------------
762:
763: Modern x86 hardware has vast amounts of resources. However, many
764: virtual servers can function just fine on far less. A system with
765: 256M of RAM and a 4G disk can be a reasonable choice. Note that it is
766: far easier to adjust virtual resources than physical ones. For
767: memory, it's just a config file edit and a reboot. For disk, one can
768: create a new file and vnconfig it (or lvm), and then dump/restore,
769: just like updating physical disks, but without having to be there and
770: without those pesky connectors.
771:
1.48 gdt 772: Starting domains automatically
773: ------------------------------
1.28 gdt 774:
1.48 gdt 775: To start domains foo at bar at boot and shut them down cleanly on dom0
776: shutdown, in rc.conf add:
1.28 gdt 777:
1.48 gdt 778: xendomains="foo bar"
1.28 gdt 779:
1.86 gdt 780: Note that earlier versions of the xentools41 xendomains rc.d scripth
781: usd xl, when one should use xm with 4.1.
1.28 gdt 782:
783: Creating specific unprivileged domains (domU)
784: =============================================
1.14 gdt 785:
786: Creating domUs is almost entirely independent of operating system. We
1.49 gdt 787: have already presented the basics of config files. Note that you must
788: have already completed the dom0 setup so that "xl list" (or "xm list")
789: works.
1.14 gdt 790:
791: Creating an unprivileged NetBSD domain (domU)
792: ---------------------------------------------
1.1 mspo 793:
1.49 gdt 794: See the earlier config file, and adjust memory. Decide on how much
795: storage you will provide, and prepare it (file or lvm).
796:
797: While the kernel will be obtained from the dom0 filesystem, the same
798: file should be present in the domU as /netbsd so that tools like
799: savecore(8) can work. (This is helpful but not necessary.)
800:
801: The kernel must be specifically for Xen and for use as a domU. The
802: i386 and amd64 provide the following kernels:
803:
804: i386 XEN3_DOMU
805: i386 XEN3PAE_DOMU
1.95 gdt 806: amd64 XEN3_DOMU
1.5 mspo 807:
1.49 gdt 808: Unless using Xen 3.1 (and you shouldn't) with i386-mode Xen, you must
809: use the PAE version of the i386 kernel.
810:
811: This will boot NetBSD, but this is not that useful if the disk is
812: empty. One approach is to unpack sets onto the disk outside of xen
813: (by mounting it, just as you would prepare a physical disk for a
814: system you can't run the installer on).
815:
816: A second approach is to run an INSTALL kernel, which has a miniroot
817: and can load sets from the network. To do this, copy the INSTALL
818: kernel to / and change the kernel line in the config file to:
1.5 mspo 819:
1.49 gdt 820: kernel = "/home/bouyer/netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU"
1.5 mspo 821:
1.49 gdt 822: Then, start the domain as "xl create -c configname".
1.1 mspo 823:
1.49 gdt 824: Alternatively, if you want to install NetBSD/Xen with a CDROM image, the following
825: line should be used in the config file.
1.1 mspo 826:
1.3 mspo 827: disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w', 'phy:/dev/cd0a,0x2,r' ]
1.1 mspo 828:
829: After booting the domain, the option to install via CDROM may be
1.49 gdt 830: selected. The CDROM device should be changed to `xbd1d`.
1.1 mspo 831:
1.49 gdt 832: Once done installing, "halt -p" the new domain (don't reboot or halt,
833: it would reload the INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU kernel even if you changed the
834: config file), switch the config file back to the XEN3_DOMU kernel,
835: and start the new domain again. Now it should be able to use "root on
836: xbd0a" and you should have a, functional NetBSD domU.
1.1 mspo 837:
1.49 gdt 838: TODO: check if this is still accurate.
1.1 mspo 839: When the new domain is booting you'll see some warnings about *wscons*
840: and the pseudo-terminals. These can be fixed by editing the files
1.5 mspo 841: `/etc/ttys` and `/etc/wscons.conf`. You must disable all terminals in
842: `/etc/ttys`, except *console*, like this:
1.1 mspo 843:
1.3 mspo 844: console "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" vt100 on secure
845: ttyE0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" vt220 off secure
846: ttyE1 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" vt220 off secure
847: ttyE2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" vt220 off secure
848: ttyE3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" vt220 off secure
1.1 mspo 849:
1.5 mspo 850: Finally, all screens must be commented out from `/etc/wscons.conf`.
1.1 mspo 851:
852: It is also desirable to add
853:
1.49 gdt 854: powerd=YES
1.1 mspo 855:
1.5 mspo 856: in rc.conf. This way, the domain will be properly shut down if
1.53 gdt 857: `xm shutdown -R` or `xm shutdown -H` is used on the dom0.
1.1 mspo 858:
1.92 gdt 859: It is not strictly necessary to have a kernel (as /netbsd) in the domU
860: filesystem. However, various programs (e.g. netstat) will use that
861: kernel to look up symbols to read from kernel virtual memory. If
862: /netbsd is not the running kernel, those lookups will fail. (This is
863: not really a Xen-specific issue, but because the domU kernel is
864: obtained from the dom0, it is far more likely to be out of sync or
865: missing with Xen.)
866:
1.14 gdt 867: Creating an unprivileged Linux domain (domU)
1.5 mspo 868: --------------------------------------------
1.1 mspo 869:
870: Creating unprivileged Linux domains isn't much different from
871: unprivileged NetBSD domains, but there are some details to know.
872:
873: First, the second parameter passed to the disk declaration (the '0x1' in
874: the example below)
875:
1.3 mspo 876: disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w' ]
1.1 mspo 877:
878: does matter to Linux. It wants a Linux device number here (e.g. 0x300
1.49 gdt 879: for hda). Linux builds device numbers as: (major \<\< 8 + minor).
880: So, hda1 which has major 3 and minor 1 on a Linux system will have
881: device number 0x301. Alternatively, devices names can be used (hda,
882: hdb, ...) as xentools has a table to map these names to devices
883: numbers. To export a partition to a Linux guest we can use:
1.1 mspo 884:
1.49 gdt 885: disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x300,w' ]
886: root = "/dev/hda1 ro"
1.1 mspo 887:
888: and it will appear as /dev/hda on the Linux system, and be used as root
889: partition.
890:
1.49 gdt 891: To install the Linux system on the partition to be exported to the
892: guest domain, the following method can be used: install
893: sysutils/e2fsprogs from pkgsrc. Use mke2fs to format the partition
894: that will be the root partition of your Linux domain, and mount it.
895: Then copy the files from a working Linux system, make adjustments in
896: `/etc` (fstab, network config). It should also be possible to extract
897: binary packages such as .rpm or .deb directly to the mounted partition
898: using the appropriate tool, possibly running under NetBSD's Linux
899: emulation. Once the filesystem has been populated, umount it. If
900: desirable, the filesystem can be converted to ext3 using tune2fs -j.
901: It should now be possible to boot the Linux guest domain, using one of
902: the vmlinuz-\*-xenU kernels available in the Xen binary distribution.
1.1 mspo 903:
904: To get the linux console right, you need to add:
905:
1.3 mspo 906: extra = "xencons=tty1"
1.1 mspo 907:
908: to your configuration since not all linux distributions auto-attach a
909: tty to the xen console.
910:
1.14 gdt 911: Creating an unprivileged Solaris domain (domU)
1.5 mspo 912: ----------------------------------------------
1.1 mspo 913:
1.50 gdt 914: See possibly outdated
915: [Solaris domU instructions](/ports/xen/howto-solaris/).
1.5 mspo 916:
1.1 mspo 917:
1.52 gdt 918: PCI passthrough: Using PCI devices in guest domains
919: ---------------------------------------------------
1.1 mspo 920:
1.53 gdt 921: The dom0 can give other domains access to selected PCI
1.52 gdt 922: devices. This can allow, for example, a non-privileged domain to have
923: access to a physical network interface or disk controller. However,
924: keep in mind that giving a domain access to a PCI device most likely
925: will give the domain read/write access to the whole physical memory,
926: as PCs don't have an IOMMU to restrict memory access to DMA-capable
1.53 gdt 927: device. Also, it's not possible to export ISA devices to non-dom0
1.52 gdt 928: domains, which means that the primary VGA adapter can't be exported.
929: A guest domain trying to access the VGA registers will panic.
930:
1.53 gdt 931: If the dom0 is NetBSD, it has to be running Xen 3.1, as support has
1.52 gdt 932: not been ported to later versions at this time.
933:
934: For a PCI device to be exported to a domU, is has to be attached to
935: the "pciback" driver in dom0. Devices passed to the dom0 via the
936: pciback.hide boot parameter will attach to "pciback" instead of the
937: usual driver. The list of devices is specified as "(bus:dev.func)",
1.5 mspo 938: where bus and dev are 2-digit hexadecimal numbers, and func a
939: single-digit number:
1.1 mspo 940:
1.52 gdt 941: pciback.hide=(00:0a.0)(00:06.0)
1.1 mspo 942:
1.52 gdt 943: pciback devices should show up in the dom0's boot messages, and the
1.5 mspo 944: devices should be listed in the `/kern/xen/pci` directory.
1.1 mspo 945:
1.52 gdt 946: PCI devices to be exported to a domU are listed in the "pci" array of
947: the domU's config file, with the format "0000:bus:dev.func".
1.1 mspo 948:
1.52 gdt 949: pci = [ '0000:00:06.0', '0000:00:0a.0' ]
1.1 mspo 950:
1.52 gdt 951: In the domU an "xpci" device will show up, to which one or more pci
952: busses will attach. Then the PCI drivers will attach to PCI busses as
953: usual. Note that the default NetBSD DOMU kernels do not have "xpci"
954: or any PCI drivers built in by default; you have to build your own
955: kernel to use PCI devices in a domU. Here's a kernel config example;
956: note that only the "xpci" lines are unusual.
957:
958: include "arch/i386/conf/XEN3_DOMU"
959:
960: # Add support for PCI busses to the XEN3_DOMU kernel
961: xpci* at xenbus ?
962: pci* at xpci ?
963:
964: # PCI USB controllers
965: uhci* at pci? dev ? function ? # Universal Host Controller (Intel)
966:
967: # USB bus support
968: usb* at uhci?
969:
970: # USB Hubs
971: uhub* at usb?
972: uhub* at uhub? port ? configuration ? interface ?
973:
974: # USB Mass Storage
975: umass* at uhub? port ? configuration ? interface ?
976: wd* at umass?
977: # SCSI controllers
978: ahc* at pci? dev ? function ? # Adaptec [23]94x, aic78x0 SCSI
979:
980: # SCSI bus support (for both ahc and umass)
981: scsibus* at scsi?
982:
983: # SCSI devices
984: sd* at scsibus? target ? lun ? # SCSI disk drives
985: cd* at scsibus? target ? lun ? # SCSI CD-ROM drives
1.1 mspo 986:
987:
1.28 gdt 988: NetBSD as a domU in a VPS
989: =========================
990:
991: The bulk of the HOWTO is about using NetBSD as a dom0 on your own
992: hardware. This section explains how to deal with Xen in a domU as a
993: virtual private server where you do not control or have access to the
1.70 gdt 994: dom0. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of VPS providers;
995: only a few are mentioned that specifically support NetBSD.
1.28 gdt 996:
1.52 gdt 997: VPS operators provide varying degrees of access and mechanisms for
998: configuration. The big issue is usually how one controls which kernel
999: is booted, because the kernel is nominally in the dom0 filesystem (to
1.70 gdt 1000: which VPS users do not normally have acesss). A second issue is how
1001: to install NetBSD.
1.52 gdt 1002: A VPS user may want to compile a kernel for security updates, to run
1003: npf, run IPsec, or any other reason why someone would want to change
1004: their kernel.
1005:
1006: One approach is to have an adminstrative interface to upload a kernel,
1.68 gdt 1007: or to select from a prepopulated list. Other approaches are pygrub
1.59 gdt 1008: (deprecated) and pvgrub, which are ways to have a bootloader obtain a
1009: kernel from the domU filesystem. This is closer to a regular physical
1010: computer, where someone who controls a machine can replace the kernel.
1.52 gdt 1011:
1.74 gdt 1012: A second issue is multiple CPUs. With NetBSD 6, domUs support
1013: multiple vcpus, and it is typical for VPS providers to enable multiple
1014: CPUs for NetBSD domUs.
1015:
1.68 gdt 1016: pygrub
1.59 gdt 1017: -------
1.52 gdt 1018:
1.68 gdt 1019: pygrub runs in the dom0 and looks into the domU filesystem. This
1.59 gdt 1020: implies that the domU must have a kernel in a filesystem in a format
1.68 gdt 1021: known to pygrub. As of 2014, pygrub seems to be of mostly historical
1022: interest.
1.52 gdt 1023:
1.59 gdt 1024: pvgrub
1025: ------
1026:
1027: pvgrub is a version of grub that uses PV operations instead of BIOS
1028: calls. It is booted from the dom0 as the domU kernel, and then reads
1029: /grub/menu.lst and loads a kernel from the domU filesystem.
1030:
1.70 gdt 1031: [Panix](http://www.panix.com/) lets users use pvgrub. Panix reports
1.71 gdt 1032: that pvgrub works with FFsv2 with 16K/2K and 32K/4K block/frag sizes
1033: (and hence with defaults from "newfs -O 2"). See [Panix's pvgrub
1.70 gdt 1034: page](http://www.panix.com/v-colo/grub.html), which describes only
1.74 gdt 1035: Linux but should be updated to cover NetBSD :-).
1.70 gdt 1036:
1037: [prgmr.com](http://prgmr.com/) also lets users with pvgrub to boot
1038: their own kernel. See then [prgmr.com NetBSD
1.74 gdt 1039: HOWTO](http://wiki.prgmr.com/mediawiki/index.php/NetBSD_as_a_DomU)
1040: (which is in need of updating).
1.59 gdt 1041:
1.70 gdt 1042: It appears that [grub's FFS
1043: code](http://xenbits.xensource.com/hg/xen-unstable.hg/file/bca284f67702/tools/libfsimage/ufs/fsys_ufs.c)
1044: does not support all aspects of modern FFS, but there are also reports
1.72 gdt 1045: that FFSv2 works fine. At prgmr, typically one has an ext2 or FAT
1.70 gdt 1046: partition for the kernel with the intent that grub can understand it,
1047: which leads to /netbsd not being the actual kernel. One must remember
1048: to update the special boot partiion.
1.59 gdt 1049:
1050: Amazon
1051: ------
1052:
1.95 gdt 1053: See the [Amazon EC2 page](../amazon_ec2/).
1.44 gdt 1054:
1055: Using npf
1056: ---------
1057:
1.81 gdt 1058: In standard kernels, npf is a module, and thus cannot be loaded in a
1.44 gdt 1059: DOMU kernel.
1060:
1.95 gdt 1061: TODO: Explain how to compile npf into a custom kernel, answering (but
1062: note that the problem was caused by not booting the right kernel)
1063: [this email to
1064: netbsd-users](http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/2014/12/26/msg015576.html).
1.65 gdt 1065:
1066: TODO items for improving NetBSD/xen
1067: ===================================
1068:
1.93 gdt 1069: * Make the NetBSD dom0 kernel work with SMP.
1070: * Test the Xen 4.5 packages adequately to be able to recommend them as
1071: the standard approach.
1072: * Get PCI passthrough working on Xen 4.5
1.65 gdt 1073: * Get pvgrub into pkgsrc, either via xentools or separately.
1074: * grub
1.70 gdt 1075: * Check/add support to pkgsrc grub2 for UFS2 and arbitrary
1.66 gdt 1076: fragsize/blocksize (UFS2 support may be present; the point is to
1077: make it so that with any UFS1/UFS2 filesystem setup that works
1078: with NetBSD grub will also work).
1.70 gdt 1079: See [pkg/40258](http://gnats.netbsd.org/40258).
1.65 gdt 1080: * Push patches upstream.
1081: * Get UFS2 patches into pvgrub.
1082: * Add support for PV ops to a version of /boot, and make it usable as
1083: a kernel in Xen, similar to pvgrub.
1.93 gdt 1084: * Solve somehow the issue with modules for GENERIC not being loadable
1085: in a Xen dom0 or domU kernel.
1086:
1087: Random pointers
1088: ===============
1089:
1090: TODO: This section contains links from elsewhere not yet integrated
1091: into the HOWTO.
1092:
1093: * http://www.lumbercartel.ca/library/xen/
1094: * http://pbraun.nethence.com/doc/sysutils/xen_netbsd_dom0.html

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