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version 1.19, 2014/12/24 00:41:04 version 1.37, 2014/12/24 16:06:38
Line 27  code for Xen and need not be aware that  Line 27  code for Xen and need not be aware that 
 Attempts to access hardware registers are trapped and emulated.  This  Attempts to access hardware registers are trapped and emulated.  This
 style is less efficient but can run unmodified guests.  style is less efficient but can run unmodified guests.
   
 Generally any amd64 machine will work with Xen and PV guests.  For HVM  Generally any amd64 machine will work with Xen and PV guests.  In
 guests, the VMX cpu feature (Intel) or VT?? (amd64) is needed.  TODO:  theory i386 computers without amd64 support can be used for Xen <=
 Explain if i386 (non-amd64) machines can still be used - I think that  4.2, but we have no recent reports of this working (this is a hint).
 witthe requirement to use PAE kernels is about the hypervisor being  For HVM guests, the VT or VMX cpu feature (Intel) or SVM/HVM/VT
 amd64 only.  (amd64) is needed; "cpuctl identify 0" will show this.  TODO: Clean up
   and check the above features.
   
 At boot, the dom0 kernel is loaded as module with Xen as the kernel.  At boot, the dom0 kernel is loaded as a module with Xen as the kernel.
 The dom0 can start one or more domUs.  (Booting is explained in detail  The dom0 can start one or more domUs.  (Booting is explained in detail
 in the dom0 section.)  in the dom0 section.)
   
 NetBSD supports Xen in that it can serve as dom0, be used as a domU,  NetBSD supports Xen in that it can serve as dom0, be used as a domU,
 and that Xen kernels and tools are available in pkgsrc.  This HOWTO  and that Xen kernels and tools are available in pkgsrc.  This HOWTO
 attempts to address both the case of running a NetBSD dom0 on hardware  attempts to address both the case of running a NetBSD dom0 on hardware
 and running NetBSD as a domU in a VPS.  and running domUs under it (NetBSD and other), and also running NetBSD
   as a domU in a VPS.
   
   Some versions of Xen support "PCI passthrough", which means that
   specific PCI devices can be made available to a specific domU instead
   of the dom0.  This can be useful to let a domU run X11, or access some
   network interface or other peripheral.
   
 Prerequisites  Prerequisites
 -------------  -------------
Line 54  path when there are no known good reason Line 61  path when there are no known good reason
 This HOWTO presumes a basic familiarity with the Xen system  This HOWTO presumes a basic familiarity with the Xen system
 architecture.  This HOWTO presumes familiarity with installing NetBSD  architecture.  This HOWTO presumes familiarity with installing NetBSD
 on i386/amd64 hardware and installing software from pkgsrc.  on i386/amd64 hardware and installing software from pkgsrc.
 See also the [Xen website](http://www.xen.org/).  See also the [Xen website](http://www.xenproject.org/).
   
 History  History
 -------  -------
Line 63  NetBSD used to support Xen2; this has be Line 70  NetBSD used to support Xen2; this has be
   
 Before NetBSD's native bootloader could support Xen, the use of  Before NetBSD's native bootloader could support Xen, the use of
 grub was recommended.  If necessary, see the  grub was recommended.  If necessary, see the
 [old grub information](/xen/howto-grub/).  [old grub information](/ports/xen/howto-grub/).
   
 Versions of Xen and NetBSD  Versions of Xen and NetBSD
 ==========================  ==========================
   
 Most of the installation concepts and instructions are independent of  Most of the installation concepts and instructions are independent
 Xen version.  This section gives advice on which version to choose.  of Xen version and NetBSD version.  This section gives advice on
 Versions not in pkgsrc and older unsupported versions of NetBSD are  which version to choose.  Versions not in pkgsrc and older unsupported
 inentionally ignored.  versions of NetBSD are intentionally ignored.
   
 Xen  Xen
 ---  ---
Line 82  but note that both packages must be inst Line 89  but note that both packages must be inst
 matching versions.  matching versions.
   
 xenkernel3 and xenkernel33 provide Xen 3.1 and 3.3.  These no longer  xenkernel3 and xenkernel33 provide Xen 3.1 and 3.3.  These no longer
 receive security patches and should not be used.  receive security patches and should not be used.  Xen 3.1 supports PCI
   passthrough.  Xen 3.1 supports non-PAE on i386.
   
 xenkernel41 provides Xen 4.1.  This is no longer maintained by Xen,  xenkernel41 provides Xen 4.1.  This is no longer maintained by Xen,
 but as of 2014-12 receives backported security patches.  It is a  but as of 2014-12 receives backported security patches.  It is a
Line 93  of 2014-12. Line 101  of 2014-12.
   
 Ideally newer versions of Xen will be added to pkgsrc.  Ideally newer versions of Xen will be added to pkgsrc.
   
   Note that NetBSD support is called XEN3.  It works with 3.1 through
   4.2 because the hypercall interface has been stable.
   
 Xen command program  Xen command program
 -------------------  -------------------
   
 Early Xen used a program called "xm" to manipulate the system from the  Early Xen used a program called "xm" to manipulate the system from the
 dom0.  Starting in 4.1, a replacement program with similar behavior  dom0.  Starting in 4.1, a replacement program with similar behavior
 called "xl" is provided.  In 4.2, "xm" is no longer available.  called "xl" is provided.  In 4.2 and later, "xl" is preferred.  4.4 is
   the last version that has "xm".
   
 NetBSD  NetBSD
 ------  ------
Line 106  NetBSD Line 118  NetBSD
 The netbsd-5, netbsd-6, netbsd-7, and -current branches are all  The netbsd-5, netbsd-6, netbsd-7, and -current branches are all
 reasonable choices, with more or less the same considerations for  reasonable choices, with more or less the same considerations for
 non-Xen use.  Therefore, netbsd-6 is recommended as the stable version  non-Xen use.  Therefore, netbsd-6 is recommended as the stable version
 of the most recent release.  of the most recent release for production use.  For those wanting to
   learn Xen or without production stability concerns, netbsd-7 is likely
   most appropriate.
   
 As of NetBSD 6, a NetBSD domU will support multiple vcpus.  There is  As of NetBSD 6, a NetBSD domU will support multiple vcpus.  There is
 no SMP support for NetBSD as dom0.  (The dom0 itself doesn't really  no SMP support for NetBSD as dom0.  (The dom0 itself doesn't really
Line 116  a normal computer.) Line 130  a normal computer.)
 Architecture  Architecture
 ------------  ------------
   
 Xen is basically amd64 only at this point.  One can either run i386  Xen itself can run on i386 or amd64 machines.  (Practically, almost
 domains or amd64 domains.  If running i386, PAE versions are required,  any computer where one would want to run Xen supports amd64.)  If
 for both dom0 and domU.  These versions are built by default in NetBSD  using an i386 NetBSD kernel for the dom0, PAE is required (PAE
 releases.  While i386 dom0 works fine, amd64 is recommended as more  versions are built by default).  While i386 dom0 works fine, amd64 is
 normal.  (Note that emacs (at least) fails if run on i386 with PAE when  recommended as more normal.
 built without, and vice versa, presumably due to bugs in the undump  
 code.)  Xen 4.2 is the last version to support i386 as a host.  TODO: Clarify
   if this is about the CPU having to be amd64, or about the dom0 kernel
   having to be amd64.
   
   One can then run i386 domUs and amd64 domUs, in any combination.  If
   running an i386 NetBSD kernel as a domU, the PAE version is required.
   (Note that emacs (at least) fails if run on i386 with PAE when built
   without, and vice versa, presumably due to bugs in the undump code.)
   
 Recommendation  Recommendation
 --------------  --------------
   
 Therefore, this HOWTO recommends running xenkernel42 (and xentools42),  Therefore, this HOWTO recommends running xenkernel42 (and xentools42),
 xl, the NetBSD 6 stable branch, and to use amd64 as the dom0.  Either  xl, the NetBSD 6 stable branch, and to use an amd64 kernel as the
 the i386 or amd64 of NetBSD may be used as domUs.  dom0.  Either the i386 or amd64 of NetBSD may be used as domUs.
   
   Build problems
   --------------
   
   Ideally, all versions of Xen in pkgsrc would build on all versions of
   NetBSD on both i386 and amd64.  However, that isn't the case.  Besides
   aging code and aging compilers, qemu (included in xentools for HVM
   support) is difficult to build.  The following are known to fail:
   
           xenkernel3 netbsd-6 i386
           xentools42 netbsd-6 i386 
   
   The following are known to work:
   
           xenkernel41 netbsd-5 amd64
           xentools41 netbsd-5 amd64
           xenkernel41 netbsd-6 i386
           xentools41 netbsd-6 i386
   
 NetBSD as a dom0  NetBSD as a dom0
 ================  ================
Line 167  Installation of NetBSD Line 206  Installation of NetBSD
 ----------------------  ----------------------
   
 First,  First,
 [install NetBSD/amd64](../../docs/guide/en/chap-inst.html)  [install NetBSD/amd64](/guide/inst/)
 just as you would if you were not using Xen.  just as you would if you were not using Xen.
 However, the partitioning approach is very important.  However, the partitioning approach is very important.
   
 If you want to use RAIDframe for the dom0, there are no special issues  If you want to use RAIDframe for the dom0, there are no special issues
 for Xen.  Typically one provides RAID storage for the dom0, and the  for Xen.  Typically one provides RAID storage for the dom0, and the
 domU systems are unaware of RAID.  domU systems are unaware of RAID.  The 2nd-stage loader bootxx_* skips
   over a RAID1 header to find /boot from a filesystem within a RAID
   partition; this is no different when booting Xen.
   
 There are 4 styles of providing backing storage for the virtual disks  There are 4 styles of providing backing storage for the virtual disks
 used by domUs: raw partitions, LVM, file-backed vnd(4), and SAN,  used by domUs: raw partitions, LVM, file-backed vnd(4), and SAN,
Line 183  each virtual disk to be used by the domU Line 224  each virtual disk to be used by the domU
 how domU usage will evolve, please add an explanation to the HOWTO.  how domU usage will evolve, please add an explanation to the HOWTO.
 Seriously, needs tend to change over time.)  Seriously, needs tend to change over time.)
   
 One can use lvm(8) to create logical devices to use for domU disks.  One can use [lvm(8)](/guide/lvm/) to create logical devices to use
 This is almost as efficient sa raw disk partitions and more flexible.  for domU disks.  This is almost as efficient as raw disk partitions
 Hence raw disk partitions should typically not be used.  and more flexible.  Hence raw disk partitions should typically not
   be used.
   
 One can use files in the dom0 filesystem, typically created by dd'ing  One can use files in the dom0 filesystem, typically created by dd'ing
 /dev/zero to create a specific size.  This is somewhat less efficient,  /dev/zero to create a specific size.  This is somewhat less efficient,
Line 199  HOWTO page.) Line 241  HOWTO page.)
 Installation of Xen  Installation of Xen
 -------------------  -------------------
   
 Next step is to install the Xen packages via pkgsrc or from binary  In the dom0, install sysutils/xenkernel42 and sysutils/xentools42 from
 packages. See [the pkgsrc  pkgsrc (or another matching pair).
 documentation](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/) if you are unfamiliar  See [the pkgsrc
 with pkgsrc and/or handling of binary packages. Xen 3.1, 3.3, 4.1 and  documentation](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/) for help with pkgsrc.
 4.2 are available. 3.1 supports PCI pass-through while other versions do  
 not. You'll need either `sysutils/xentools3` and `sysutils/xenkernel3`  
 for Xen 3.1, `sysutils/xentools33` and `sysutils/xenkernel33` for Xen  
 3.3, `sysutils/xentools41` and `sysutils/xenkernel41` for Xen 4.1. or  
 `sysutils/xentools42` and `sysutils/xenkernel42` for Xen 4.2. You'll  
 also need `sysutils/grub` if you plan do use the grub boot loader. If  
 using Xen 3.1, you may also want to install `sysutils/xentools3-hvm`  
 which contains the utilities to run unmodified guests OSes using the  
 *HVM* support (for later versions this is included in  
 `sysutils/xentools`). Note that your CPU needs to support this. Intel  
 CPUs must have the 'VT' instruction, AMD CPUs the 'SVM' instruction. You  
 can easily find out if your CPU support HVM by using NetBSD's cpuctl  
 command:  
   
     # cpuctl identify 0  
     cpu0: Intel Core 2 (Merom) (686-class), id 0x6f6  
     cpu0: features 0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR>  
     cpu0: features 0xbfebfbff<PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CFLUSH,DS,ACPI,MMX>  
     cpu0: features 0xbfebfbff<FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,SBF>  
     cpu0: features2 0x4e33d<SSE3,DTES64,MONITOR,DS-CPL,,TM2,SSSE3,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,DCA>  
     cpu0: features3 0x20100800<SYSCALL/SYSRET,XD,EM64T>  
     cpu0: "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU            5130  @ 2.00GHz"  
     cpu0: I-cache 32KB 64B/line 8-way, D-cache 32KB 64B/line 8-way  
     cpu0: L2 cache 4MB 64B/line 16-way  
     cpu0: ITLB 128 4KB entries 4-way  
     cpu0: DTLB 256 4KB entries 4-way, 32 4MB entries 4-way  
     cpu0: Initial APIC ID 0  
     cpu0: Cluster/Package ID 0  
     cpu0: Core ID 0  
     cpu0: family 06 model 0f extfamily 00 extmodel 00  
   
 Depending on your CPU, the feature you are looking for is called HVM,  
 SVM or VMX.  
   
 Next you need to copy the selected Xen kernel itself. pkgsrc installed  
 them under `/usr/pkg/xen*-kernel/`. The file you're looking for is  
 `xen.gz`. Copy it to your root file system. `xen-debug.gz` is a kernel  
 with more consistency checks and more details printed on the serial  
 console. It is useful for debugging crashing guests if you use a serial  
 console. It is not useful with a VGA console.  
   
 You'll then need a NetBSD/Xen kernel for *domain0* on your root file  
 system. The XEN3PAE\_DOM0 kernel or XEN3\_DOM0 provided as part of the  
 i386 or amd64 binaries is suitable for this, but you may want to  
 customize it. Keep your native kernel around, as it can be useful for  
 recovery. *Note:* the *domain0* kernel must support KERNFS and `/kern`  
 must be mounted because *xend* needs access to `/kern/xen/privcmd`.  
   
 Next you need to get a bootloader to load the `xen.gz` kernel, and the  
 NetBSD *domain0* kernel as a module. This can be `grub` or NetBSD's boot  
 loader. Below is a detailled example for grub, see the boot.cfg(5)  
 manual page for an example using the latter.  
   
 This is also where you'll specify the memory allocated to *domain0*, the  
 console to use, etc ...  
   
 Here is a commented `/grub/menu.lst` file:  
   
     #Grub config file for NetBSD/xen. Copy as /grub/menu.lst and run  
     # grub-install /dev/rwd0d (assuming your boot device is wd0).  
     #  
     # The default entry to load will be the first one  
     default=0  
   
     # boot the default entry after 10s if the user didn't hit keyboard  
     timeout=10  
   
     # Configure serial port to use as console. Ignore if you'll use VGA only  
     serial --unit=0 --speed=115200 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1  
   
     # Let the user select which console to use (serial or VGA), default  
     # to serial after 10s  
     terminal --timeout=10 serial console  
   
     # An entry for NetBSD/xen, using /netbsd as the domain0 kernel, and serial  
     # console. Domain0 will have 64MB RAM allocated.  
     # Assume NetBSD is installed in the first MBR partition.  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, serial)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536 com1=115200,8n1  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd bootdev=wd0a ro console=ttyS0  
   
     # Same as above, but using VGA console  
     # We can use console=tty0 (Linux syntax) or console=pc (NetBSD syntax)  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, vga)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd bootdev=wd0a ro console=tty0  
   
     # NetBSD/xen using a backup domain0 kernel (in case you installed a  
     # nonworking kernel as /netbsd  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, backup, serial)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536 com1=115200,8n1  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd.backup bootdev=wd0a ro console=ttyS0  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, backup, VGA)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd.backup bootdev=wd0a ro console=tty0  
   
     #Load a regular NetBSD/i386 kernel. Can be useful if you end up with a  
     #nonworking /xen.gz  
     title NetBSD 5.1  
       root (hd0,a)  
       kernel --type=netbsd /netbsd-GENERIC  
   
     #Load the NetBSD bootloader, letting it load the NetBSD/i386 kernel.  
     #May be better than the above, as grub can't pass all required infos  
     #to the NetBSD/i386 kernel (e.g. console, root device, ...)  
     title NetBSD chain  
       root        (hd0,0)  
       chainloader +1  
   
     ## end of grub config file.  For Xen 3.1, support for HVM guests is in sysutils/xentool3-hvm.  More
             recent versions have HVM support integrated in the main xentools
   package.  It is entirely reasonable to run only PV guests.
   
 Install grub with the following command:  Next you need to install the selected Xen kernel itself, which is
   installed by pkgsrc as "/usr/pkg/xen*-kernel/xen.gz".  Copy it to /.
   For debugging, one may copy xen-debug.gz; this is conceptually similar
   to DIAGNOSTIC and DEBUG in NetBSD.  xen-debug.gz is basically only
   useful with a serial console.  Then, place a NetBSD XEN3_DOM0 kernel
   in /, copied from releasedir/amd64/binary/kernel/netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz
   of a NetBSD build.  Both xen and NetBSD may be left compressed.  (If
   using i386, use releasedir/i386/binary/kernel/netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.gz.)
   
     # grub --no-floppy  In a dom0 kernel, kernfs is mandatory for xend to comunicate with the
   kernel, so ensure that /kern is in fstab.
   
     grub> root (hd0,a)  Because you already installed NetBSD, you have a working boot setup
      Filesystem type is ffs, partition type 0xa9  with an MBR bootblock, either bootxx_ffsv1 or bootxx_ffsv2 at the
   beginning of your root filesystem, /boot present, and likely
   /boot.cfg.  (If not, fix before continuing!)
   
     grub> setup (hd0)  See boot.cfg(5) for an example.  The basic line is
      Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no  
      Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes          menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M
      Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes  
      Checking if "/grub/ffs_stage1_5" exists... yes  which specifies that the dom0 should have 256M, leaving the rest to be
      Running "embed /grub/ffs_stage1_5 (hd0)"...  14 sectors are embedded.  allocated for domUs.  In an attempt to add performance, one can also
     succeeded  add
      Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+14 p (hd0,0,a)/grub/stage2 /grub/menu.lst"...  
      succeeded          dom0_max_vcpus=1 dom0_vcpus_pin
     Done.  
             to force only one vcpu to be provided (since NetBSD dom0 can't use
   more) and to pin that vcpu to a physical cpu.  TODO: benchmark this.
   
   As with non-Xen systems, you should have a line to boot /netbsd (a
   kernel that works without Xen) and fallback versions of the non-Xen
   kernel, Xen, and the dom0 kernel.
   
   The [HowTo on Installing into
   RAID-1](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-xen/2006/03/01/0010.html)
   explains how to set up booting a dom0 with Xen using grub with
   NetBSD's RAIDframe.  (This is obsolete with the use of NetBSD's native
   boot.)
   
   Configuring Xen
   ---------------
   
   Now, you have a system that will boot Xen and the dom0 kernel, and
   just run the dom0 kernel.  There will be no domUs, and none can be
   started because you still have to configure the dom0 tools.  The
   daemons which should be run vary with Xen version and with whether one
   is using xm or xl.  Note that xend is for supporting "xm", and should
   only be used if you plan on using "xm".  Do NOT enable xend if you
   plan on using "xl" as it will cause problems.
   
   TODO: Give 3.1 advice (or remove it from pkgsrc).
   
   For 3.3 (and thus xm), add to rc.conf (but note that you should have
   installed 4.1 or 4.2):
   
           xend=YES
           xenbackendd=YES
   
   For 4.1 (and thus xm; xl is believed not to work well), add to rc.conf:
   
           xend=YES
           xencommons=YES
   
   TODO: Explain why if xm is preferred on 4.1, rc.d/xendomains has xl.
   Or fix the package.
   
   For 4.2 with xm, add to rc.conf
   
           xend=YES
           xencommons=YES
   
   For 4.2 with xl (preferred), add to rc.conf:
   
           TODO: explain if there is a xend replacement
           xencommons=YES
   
   TODO: Recommend for/against xen-watchdog.
   
   After you have configured the daemons and rebooted, run the following
   to inspect Xen's boot messages, available resources, and running
   domains:
   
           xm dmesg
           xm info
           xm list
   
 Updating NetBSD in a dom0  Updating NetBSD in a dom0
 -------------------------  -------------------------
Line 349  and adjusts /etc. Line 348  and adjusts /etc.
 Note that one must update both the non-Xen kernel typically used for  Note that one must update both the non-Xen kernel typically used for
 rescue purposes and the DOM0 kernel used with Xen.  rescue purposes and the DOM0 kernel used with Xen.
   
   To convert from grub to /boot, install an mbr bootblock with fdisk,
   bootxx_ with installboot, /boot and /boot.cfg.  This really should be
   no different than completely reinstalling boot blocks on a non-Xen
   system.
   
 Updating Xen versions  Updating Xen versions
 ---------------------  ---------------------
   
 TODO: write  Updating Xen is conceptually not difficult, but can run into all the
   issues found when installing Xen.  Assuming migration from 4.1 to 4.2,
   remove the xenkernel41 and xentools41 packages and install the
   xenkernel42 and xentools42 packages.  Copy the 4.2 xen.gz to /.
   
   Ensure that the contents of /etc/rc.d/xen* are correct.  Enable the
   correct set of daemons.  Ensure that the domU config files are valid
   for the new version.
   
   
   Unprivileged domains (domU)
   ===========================
   
   This section describes general concepts about domUs.  It does not
   address specific domU operating systems or how to install them.  The
   config files for domUs are typically in /usr/pkg/etc/xen, and are
   typically named so that the file anme, domU name and the domU's host
   name match.
   
   The domU is provided with cpu and memory by Xen, configured by the
   dom0.  The domU is provided with disk and network by the dom0,
   mediated by Xen, and configured in the dom0.
   
   Entropy in domUs can be an issue; physical disks and network are on
   the dom0.  NetBSD's /dev/random system works, but is often challenged.
   
   CPU and memory
   --------------
   
   A domain is provided with some number of vcpus, less than the
   number of cpus seen by the hypervisor.  For a dom0, this is controlled
   by the boot argument "dom0_max_vcpus=1".  For a domU, it is controlled
   from the config file.
   
   A domain is provided with memory, In the straightforward case, the sum
   of the the memory allocated to the dom0 and all domUs must be less
   than the available memory.
   
   Xen also provides a "balloon" driver, which can be used to let domains
   use more memory temporarily.  TODO: Explain better, and explain how
   well it works with NetBSD.
   
   Virtual disks
   -------------
   
   With the file/vnd style, typically one creates a directory,
   e.g. /u0/xen, on a disk large enough to hold virtual disks for all
   domUs.  Then, for each domU disk, one writes zeros to a file that then
   serves to hold the virtual disk's bits; a suggested name is foo-xbd0
   for the first virtual disk for the domU called foo.  Writing zeros to
   the file serves two purposes.  One is that preallocating the contents
   improves performance.  The other is that vnd on sparse files has
   failed to work.  TODO: give working/notworking NetBSD versions for
   sparse vnd.  Note that the use of file/vnd for Xen is not really
   different than creating a file-backed virtual disk for some other
   purpose, except that xentools handles the vnconfig commands.
   
   With the lvm style, one creates logical devices.  They are then used
   similarly to vnds.
   
   Virtual Networking
   ------------------
   
   TODO: explain xvif concept, and that it's general.
   
   There are two normal styles: bridging and NAT.
   
   With bridging, the domU perceives itself to be on the same network as
   the dom0.  For server virtualization, this is usually best.
   
   With NAT, the domU perceives itself to be behind a NAT running on the
   dom0.  This is often appropriate when running Xen on a workstation.
   
 Creating unprivileged domains (domU)  One can construct arbitrary other configurations, but there is no
 ====================================  script support.
   
   Sizing domains
   --------------
   
   Modern x86 hardware has vast amounts of resources.  However, many
   virtual servers can function just fine on far less.  A system with
   256M of RAM and a 4G disk can be a reasonable choice.  Note that it is
   far easier to adjust virtual resources than physical ones.  For
   memory, it's just a config file edit and a reboot.  For disk, one can
   create a new file and vnconfig it (or lvm), and then dump/restore,
   just like updating physical disks, but without having to be there and
   without those pesky connectors.
   
   Config files
   ------------
   
   TODO: give example config files.   Use both lvm and vnd.
   
   TODO: explain the mess with 3 arguments for disks and how to cope (0x1).
   
   Starting domains
   ----------------
   
   TODO: Explain "xm start" and "xl start".  Explain rc.d/xendomains.
   
   TODO: Explain why 4.1 rc.d/xendomains has xl, when one should use xm
   on 4.1.
   
   Creating specific unprivileged domains (domU)
   =============================================
   
 Creating domUs is almost entirely independent of operating system.  We  Creating domUs is almost entirely independent of operating system.  We
 first explain NetBSD, and then differences for Linux and Solaris.  first explain NetBSD, and then differences for Linux and Solaris.
Line 386  PKG\_SYSCONFDIR for its parameters. By d Line 491  PKG\_SYSCONFDIR for its parameters. By d
 will be executed in the new domain (this kernel is in the *domain0* file  will be executed in the new domain (this kernel is in the *domain0* file
 system, not on the new domain virtual disk; but please note, you should  system, not on the new domain virtual disk; but please note, you should
 install the same kernel into *domainU* as `/netbsd` in order to make  install the same kernel into *domainU* as `/netbsd` in order to make
 your system tools, like MAN.SAVECORE.8, work). A suitable kernel is  your system tools, like savecore(8), work). A suitable kernel is
 provided as part of the i386 and amd64 binary sets: XEN3\_DOMU.  provided as part of the i386 and amd64 binary sets: XEN3\_DOMU.
   
 Here is an /usr/pkg/etc/xen/nbsd example config file:  Here is an /usr/pkg/etc/xen/nbsd example config file:
Line 496  like this: Line 601  like this:
     !brconfig $int add ex0 up      !brconfig $int add ex0 up
   
 (replace `ex0` with the name of your physical interface). Then bridge0  (replace `ex0` with the name of your physical interface). Then bridge0
 will be created on boot. See the MAN.BRIDGE.4 man page for details.  will be created on boot. See the bridge(4) man page for details.
   
 So, here is a suitable `/usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge` for xvif?.? (a  So, here is a suitable `/usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge` for xvif?.? (a
 working vif-bridge is also provided with xentools20) configuring:  working vif-bridge is also provided with xentools20) configuring:
   
     #!/bin/sh      #!/bin/sh
     #============================================================================      #============================================================================
     # $NetBSD: howto.mdwn,v 1.18 2014/12/24 00:11:15 gdt Exp $      # $NetBSD: howto.mdwn,v 1.36 2014/12/24 16:02:49 gdt Exp $
     #      #
     # /usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge      # /usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge
     #      #
Line 880  to use PCI devices in a domU. Here's a k Line 985  to use PCI devices in a domU. Here's a k
     sd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI disk drives      sd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI disk drives
     cd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI CD-ROM drives      cd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI CD-ROM drives
   
 Links and further information  
 =============================  
   
 -   The [HowTo on Installing into RAID-1](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-xen/2006/03/01/0010.html)  NetBSD as a domU in a VPS
     explains how to set up booting a dom0 with Xen using grub   =========================
     with NetBSD's RAIDframe.  (This is obsolete with the use of  
     NetBSD's native boot.)  The bulk of the HOWTO is about using NetBSD as a dom0 on your own
 -   An example of how to use NetBSD's native bootloader to load  hardware.  This section explains how to deal with Xen in a domU as a
     NetBSD/Xen instead of Grub can be found in the i386/amd64 boot(8)  virtual private server where you do not control or have access to the
     and boot.cfg(5) manpages.  dom0.
   
   TODO: Perhaps reference panix, prmgr, amazon as interesting examples.
   
   TODO: Somewhere, discuss pvgrub and py-grub to load the domU kernel
   from the domU filesystem.
Removed from v.1.19  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.37

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