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Line 2  Introduction Line 2  Introduction
 ============  ============
   
 [![[Xen  [![[Xen
 screenshot]](http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/in-Action/hubertf-xens.png)](../../gallery/in-Action/hubertf-xen.png)  screenshot]](http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/in-Action/hubertf-xens.png)](http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/in-Action/hubertf-xen.png)
   
 Xen is a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor for x86 hardware  Xen is a hypervisor (or virtual machine monitor) for x86 hardware
 (i686-class or higher), which supports running multiple guest  (i686-class or higher), which supports running multiple guest
 operating systems on a single physical machine.  With Xen, one uses  operating systems on a single physical machine.  Xen is a Type 1 or
 the Xen kernel to control the CPU, memory and console, a dom0  bare-metal hypervisor; one uses the Xen kernel to control the CPU,
 operating system which mediates access to other hardware (e.g., disks,  memory and console, a dom0 operating system which mediates access to
 network, USB), and one or more domU operating systems which operate in  other hardware (e.g., disks, network, USB), and one or more domU
 an unprivileged virtualized environment.  IO requests from the domU  operating systems which operate in an unprivileged virtualized
 systems are forwarded by the hypervisor (Xen) to the dom0 to be  environment.  IO requests from the domU systems are forwarded by the
 fulfilled.  hypervisor (Xen) to the dom0 to be fulfilled.
   
 Xen supports two styles of guests.  The original is Para-Virtualized  Xen supports two styles of guests.  The original is Para-Virtualized
 (PV) which means that the guest OS does not attempt to access hardware  (PV) which means that the guest OS does not attempt to access hardware
Line 27  code for Xen and need not be aware that  Line 27  code for Xen and need not be aware that 
 Attempts to access hardware registers are trapped and emulated.  This  Attempts to access hardware registers are trapped and emulated.  This
 style is less efficient but can run unmodified guests.  style is less efficient but can run unmodified guests.
   
 At boot, the dom0 kernel is loaded as module with Xen as the kernel.  Generally any amd64 machine will work with Xen and PV guests.  In
   theory i386 computers without amd64 support can be used for Xen <=
   4.2, but we have no recent reports of this working (this is a hint).
   For HVM guests, the VT or VMX cpu feature (Intel) or SVM/HVM/VT
   (amd64) is needed; "cpuctl identify 0" will show this.  TODO: Clean up
   and check the above features.
   
   At boot, the dom0 kernel is loaded as a module with Xen as the kernel.
 The dom0 can start one or more domUs.  (Booting is explained in detail  The dom0 can start one or more domUs.  (Booting is explained in detail
 in the dom0 section.)  in the dom0 section.)
   
 NetBSD supports Xen in that it can serve as dom0, be used as a domU,  NetBSD supports Xen in that it can serve as dom0, be used as a domU,
 and that Xen kernels and tools are available in pkgsrc.  This HOWTO  and that Xen kernels and tools are available in pkgsrc.  This HOWTO
 attempts to address both the case of running a NetBSD dom0 on hardware  attempts to address both the case of running a NetBSD dom0 on hardware
 and running NetBSD as a domU in a VPS.  and running domUs under it (NetBSD and other), and also running NetBSD
   as a domU in a VPS.
   
   Some versions of Xen support "PCI passthrough", which means that
   specific PCI devices can be made available to a specific domU instead
   of the dom0.  This can be useful to let a domU run X11, or access some
   network interface or other peripheral.
   
   NetBSD used to support Xen2; this has been removed.
   
 Prerequisites  Prerequisites
 -------------  -------------
Line 46  things must be done, guiding the reader  Line 61  things must be done, guiding the reader 
 path when there are no known good reasons to stray.  path when there are no known good reasons to stray.
   
 This HOWTO presumes a basic familiarity with the Xen system  This HOWTO presumes a basic familiarity with the Xen system
 architecture.  architecture.  This HOWTO presumes familiarity with installing NetBSD
   on i386/amd64 hardware and installing software from pkgsrc.
 This HOWTO presumes familiarity with installing NetBSD on i386/amd64  See also the [Xen website](http://www.xenproject.org/).
 hardware and installing software from pkgsrc.  
   
 For more details on Xen, see [](http://www.xen.org/).  
   
 Versions of Xen and NetBSD  Versions of Xen and NetBSD
 ==========================  ==========================
   
 Most of the installation concepts and instructions are independent of  Most of the installation concepts and instructions are independent
 Xen version.  This section gives advice on which version to choose.  of Xen version and NetBSD version.  This section gives advice on
 Versions not in pkgsrc and older unsupported versions of NetBSD are  which version to choose.  Versions not in pkgsrc and older unsupported
 inentionally ignored.  versions of NetBSD are intentionally ignored.
   
 Xen  Xen
 ---  ---
Line 70  but note that both packages must be inst Line 82  but note that both packages must be inst
 matching versions.  matching versions.
   
 xenkernel3 and xenkernel33 provide Xen 3.1 and 3.3.  These no longer  xenkernel3 and xenkernel33 provide Xen 3.1 and 3.3.  These no longer
 receive security patches and should not be used.  receive security patches and should not be used.  Xen 3.1 supports PCI
   passthrough.  Xen 3.1 supports non-PAE on i386.
   
 xenkernel41 provides Xen 4.1.  This is no longer maintained by Xen,  xenkernel41 provides Xen 4.1.  This is no longer maintained by Xen,
 but as of 2014-12 receives backported security patches.  It is a  but as of 2014-12 receives backported security patches.  It is a
Line 81  of 2014-12. Line 94  of 2014-12.
   
 Ideally newer versions of Xen will be added to pkgsrc.  Ideally newer versions of Xen will be added to pkgsrc.
   
   Note that NetBSD support is called XEN3.  It works with 3.1 through
   4.2 because the hypercall interface has been stable.
   
   Xen command program
   -------------------
   
   Early Xen used a program called xm to manipulate the system from the
   dom0.  Starting in 4.1, a replacement program with similar behavior
   called xl is provided, but it does not work well in 4.1.  In 4.2, both
   xm and xl work fine.  4.4 is the last version that has xm.  You must
   choose one or the other, because it affects which daemons you run.
   
 NetBSD  NetBSD
 ------  ------
   
 The netbsd-5, netbsd-6, netbsd-7, and -current branches are all  The netbsd-5, netbsd-6, netbsd-7, and -current branches are all
 reasonable choices, with more or less the same considerations for  reasonable choices, with more or less the same considerations for
 non-Xen use.  Therefore, netbsd-6 is recommended as the stable version  non-Xen use.  Therefore, netbsd-6 is recommended as the stable version
 of the most recent release.  of the most recent release for production use.  For those wanting to
   learn Xen or without production stability concerns, netbsd-7 is likely
   most appropriate.
   
 As of NetBSD 6, a NetBSD domU will support multiple vcpus.  There is  As of NetBSD 6, a NetBSD domU will support multiple vcpus.  There is
 no SMP support for NetBSD as dom0.  (The dom0 itself doesn't really  no SMP support for NetBSD as dom0.  (The dom0 itself doesn't really
 need SMP; the lack of support is really a problem when using a dom0 as  need SMP; the lack of support is really a problem when using a dom0 as
 a normal computer.)  a normal computer.)
   
   Architecture
   ------------
   
   Xen itself can run on i386 or amd64 machines.  (Practically, almost
   any computer where one would want to run Xen supports amd64.)  If
   using an i386 NetBSD kernel for the dom0, PAE is required (PAE
   versions are built by default).  While i386 dom0 works fine, amd64 is
   recommended as more normal.
   
   Xen 4.2 is the last version to support i386 as a host.  TODO: Clarify
   if this is about the CPU having to be amd64, or about the dom0 kernel
   having to be amd64.
   
   One can then run i386 domUs and amd64 domUs, in any combination.  If
   running an i386 NetBSD kernel as a domU, the PAE version is required.
   (Note that emacs (at least) fails if run on i386 with PAE when built
   without, and vice versa, presumably due to bugs in the undump code.)
   
 Recommendation  Recommendation
 --------------  --------------
   
 Therefore, this HOWTO recommends running xenkernel42 (and xentools42)  Therefore, this HOWTO recommends running xenkernel42 (and xentools42),
 and NetBSD 6 stable branch.  xl, the NetBSD 6 stable branch, and to use an amd64 kernel as the
   dom0.  Either the i386 or amd64 of NetBSD may be used as domUs.
   
   Build problems
   --------------
   
   Ideally, all versions of Xen in pkgsrc would build on all versions of
   NetBSD on both i386 and amd64.  However, that isn't the case.  Besides
   aging code and aging compilers, qemu (included in xentools for HVM
   support) is difficult to build.  The following are known to work or FAIL:
   
           xenkernel3 netbsd-5 amd64
           xentools3 netbsd-5 amd64
           xentools3=hvm netbsd-5 amd64 ????
           xenkernel33 netbsd-5 amd64
           xentools33 netbsd-5 amd64
           xenkernel41 netbsd-5 amd64
           xentools41 netbsd-5 amd64
           xenkernel42 netbsd-5 amd64
           xentools42 netbsd-5 amd64
   
           xenkernel3 netbsd-6 i386 FAIL
           xentools3 netbsd-6 i386
           xentools3-hvm netbsd-6 i386 FAIL (dependencies fail)
           xenkernel33 netbsd-6 i386
           xentools33 netbsd-6 i386
           xenkernel41 netbsd-6 i386
           xentools41 netbsd-6 i386
           xenkernel42 netbsd-6 i386
           xentools42 netbsd-6 i386 *MIXED
   
           (all 3 and 33 seem to FAIL)
           xenkernel41 netbsd-7 i386
           xentools41 netbsd-7 i386
           xenkernel42 netbsd-7 i386
           xentools42 netbsd-7 i386 ??FAIL
   
   (*On netbsd-6 i386, there is a xentools42 in the 2014Q3 official builds,
   but it does not build for gdt.)
   
 NetBSD as a dom0  NetBSD as a dom0
 ================  ================
   
 NetBSD can be used as a dom0 and works very well.  The following  NetBSD can be used as a dom0 and works very well.  The following
 sections address installation, updating NetBSD, and updating Xen.  sections address installation, updating NetBSD, and updating Xen.
   Note that it doesn't make sense to talk about installing a dom0 OS
   without also installing Xen itself.  We first address installing
   NetBSD, which is not yet a dom0, and then adding Xen, pivoting the
   NetBSD install to a dom0 install by just changing the kernel and boot
   configuration.
   
   For experimenting with Xen, a machine with as little as 1G of RAM and
   100G of disk can work.  For running many domUs in productions, far
   more will be needed.
   
 Styles of dom0 operation  Styles of dom0 operation
 ------------------------  ------------------------
Line 125  alternately with little problems, simply Line 217  alternately with little problems, simply
 Xen daemons when not running Xen.  Xen daemons when not running Xen.
   
 Note that NetBSD as dom0 does not support multiple CPUs.  This will  Note that NetBSD as dom0 does not support multiple CPUs.  This will
 limit the performance of the Xen/dom0 workstation approach.  limit the performance of the Xen/dom0 workstation approach.  In theory
   the only issue is that the "backend drivers" are not yet MPSAFE:
     http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/2014/08/29/msg015195.html
   
   Installation of NetBSD
   ----------------------
   
   First,
   [install NetBSD/amd64](/guide/inst/)
   just as you would if you were not using Xen.
   However, the partitioning approach is very important.
   
   If you want to use RAIDframe for the dom0, there are no special issues
   for Xen.  Typically one provides RAID storage for the dom0, and the
   domU systems are unaware of RAID.  The 2nd-stage loader bootxx_* skips
   over a RAID1 header to find /boot from a filesystem within a RAID
   partition; this is no different when booting Xen.
   
   There are 4 styles of providing backing storage for the virtual disks
   used by domUs: raw partitions, LVM, file-backed vnd(4), and SAN,
   
   With raw partitions, one has a disklabel (or gpt) partition sized for
   each virtual disk to be used by the domU.  (If you are able to predict
   how domU usage will evolve, please add an explanation to the HOWTO.
   Seriously, needs tend to change over time.)
   
   One can use [lvm(8)](/guide/lvm/) to create logical devices to use
   for domU disks.  This is almost as efficient as raw disk partitions
   and more flexible.  Hence raw disk partitions should typically not
   be used.
   
   One can use files in the dom0 filesystem, typically created by dd'ing
   /dev/zero to create a specific size.  This is somewhat less efficient,
   but very convenient, as one can cp the files for backup, or move them
   between dom0 hosts.
   
   Finally, in theory one can place the files backing the domU disks in a
   SAN.  (This is an invitation for someone who has done this to add a
   HOWTO page.)
   
   Installation of Xen
   -------------------
   
   In the dom0, install sysutils/xenkernel42 and sysutils/xentools42 from
   pkgsrc (or another matching pair).
   See [the pkgsrc
   documentation](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/) for help with pkgsrc.
   
   For Xen 3.1, support for HVM guests is in sysutils/xentool3-hvm.  More
   recent versions have HVM support integrated in the main xentools
   package.  It is entirely reasonable to run only PV guests.
   
   Next you need to install the selected Xen kernel itself, which is
   installed by pkgsrc as "/usr/pkg/xen*-kernel/xen.gz".  Copy it to /.
   For debugging, one may copy xen-debug.gz; this is conceptually similar
   to DIAGNOSTIC and DEBUG in NetBSD.  xen-debug.gz is basically only
   useful with a serial console.  Then, place a NetBSD XEN3_DOM0 kernel
   in /, copied from releasedir/amd64/binary/kernel/netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz
   of a NetBSD build.  If using i386, use
   releasedir/i386/binary/kernel/netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.gz.  (If using Xen
   3.1 and i386, you may use XEN3_DOM0 with the non-PAE Xen.  But you
   should not use Xen 3.1.)  Both xen and the NetBSD kernel may be (and
   typically are) left compressed.
   
   In a dom0 kernel, kernfs is mandatory for xend to comunicate with the
   kernel, so ensure that /kern is in fstab.  TODO: Say this is default,
   or file a PR and give a reference.
   
   Because you already installed NetBSD, you have a working boot setup
   with an MBR bootblock, either bootxx_ffsv1 or bootxx_ffsv2 at the
   beginning of your root filesystem, /boot present, and likely
   /boot.cfg.  (If not, fix before continuing!)
   
   Add a line to to /boot.cfg to boot Xen.  See boot.cfg(5) for an
   example.  The basic line is
   
           menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M
   
   which specifies that the dom0 should have 256M, leaving the rest to be
   allocated for domUs.  To use a serial console, use
   
           menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3_DOM0.gz console=com0;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M console=com1 com1=9600,8n1
   
   which will use the first serial port for Xen (which counts starting
   from 1), forcing speed/parity, and also for NetBSD (which counts
   starting at 0).  In an attempt to add performance, one can also add
   
           dom0_max_vcpus=1 dom0_vcpus_pin
   
   to force only one vcpu to be provided (since NetBSD dom0 can't use
   more) and to pin that vcpu to a physical cpu.  TODO: benchmark this.
   
   As with non-Xen systems, you should have a line to boot /netbsd (a
   kernel that works without Xen) and fallback versions of the non-Xen
   kernel, Xen, and the dom0 kernel.
   
 Installation of NetBSD and Xen  Now, reboot so that you are running a DOM0 kernel under Xen, rather
 ------------------------------  than GENERIC without Xen.
   
 Note that it doesn't make sense to talk about installing a dom0 OS  Using grub (historic)
 without also installing Xen itself.  ---------------------
   
   Before NetBSD's native bootloader could support Xen, the use of
   grub was recommended.  If necessary, see the
   [old grub information](/ports/xen/howto-grub/).
   
   The [HowTo on Installing into
   RAID-1](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-xen/2006/03/01/0010.html)
   explains how to set up booting a dom0 with Xen using grub with
   NetBSD's RAIDframe.  (This is obsolete with the use of NetBSD's native
   boot.)
   
   Configuring Xen
   ---------------
   
   Xen logs will be in /var/log/xen.
   
   Now, you have a system that will boot Xen and the dom0 kernel, but not
   do anything else special.  Make sure that you have rebooted into Xen.
   There will be no domUs, and none can be started because you still have
   to configure the dom0 tools.  The daemons which should be run vary
   with Xen version and with whether one is using xm or xl.  Note that
   xend is for supporting "xm", and should only be used if you plan on
   using "xm".  Do NOT enable xend if you plan on using "xl" as it will
   cause problems.
   
   The installation of NetBSD should already have created devices for xen
   (xencons, xenevt), but if they are not present, create them:
   
           cd /dev && sh MAKEDEV xen
   
   TODO: Give 3.1 advice (or remove it from pkgsrc).
   
   For 3.3 (and thus xm), add to rc.conf (but note that you should have
   installed 4.1 or 4.2):
   
           xend=YES
           xenbackendd=YES
   
   For 4.1 (and thus xm; xl is believed not to work well), add to rc.conf:
   
           xencommons=YES
           xend=YES
   
   (If you are using xentools41 from before 2014-12-26, change
   rc.d/xendomains to use xm rather than xl.)
   
   For 4.2 with xm, add to rc.conf
   
           xencommons=YES
           xend=YES
   
   For 4.2 with xl, add to rc.conf:
   
           xencommons=YES
           TODO: explain if there is a xend replacement
   
   TODO: Recommend for/against xen-watchdog.
   
   After you have configured the daemons and either started them (in the
   order given) or rebooted, use xm or xl to inspect Xen's boot messages,
   available resources, and running domains.  An example with xm follows:
   
           # xm dmesg
           [xen's boot info]
           # xm info
           [available memory, etc.]
           # xm list
           Name              Id  Mem(MB)  CPU  State  Time(s)  Console
           Domain-0           0       64    0  r----     58.1
   
   With xl, the commands are the same, and the output may be slightly
   different.  TODO: add example output for xl, after confirming on 4.2
   and resolving the TODO about rc.conf.
   
   anita (for testing NetBSD)
   --------------------------
   
   With the setup so far, one should be able to run anita (see
   pkgsrc/misc/py-anita) to test NetBSD releases, by doing (as root,
   because anita must create a domU):
   
 First do a NetBSD/i386 or NetBSD/amd64          anita --vmm=xm test file:///usr/obj/i386/
 [installation](../../docs/guide/en/chap-inst.html) of the 5.1 release  
 (or newer) as you usually do on x86 hardware. The binary releases are  Alternatively, one can use --vmm=xl to use xl-based domU creation instead.
 available from [](ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/). Binary snapshots  TODO: check this, and make the example use xl when confirmed.
 for current and the stable branches are available on daily autobuilds.  
 If you plan to use the `grub` boot loader, when partitioning the disk  Xen-specific NetBSD issues
 you have to make the root partition smaller than 512Mb, and formatted as  --------------------------
 FFSv1 with 8k block/1k fragments. If the partition is larger than this,  
 uses FFSv2 or has different block/fragment sizes, grub may fail to load  There are (at least) two additional things different about NetBSD as a
 some files. Also keep in mind that you'll probably want to provide  dom0 kernel compared to hardware.
 virtual disks to other domains, so reserve some partitions for these  
 virtual disks. Alternatively, you can create large files in the file  One is that modules are not usable in DOM0 kernels, so one must
 system, map them to vnd(4) devices and export theses vnd devices to  compile in what's needed.  It's not really that modules cannot work,
 other domains.  but that modules must be built for XEN3_DOM0 because some of the
   defines change and the normal module builds don't do this.  Basically,
 Next step is to install the Xen packages via pkgsrc or from binary  enabling Xen changes the kernel ABI, and the module build system
 packages. See [the pkgsrc  doesn't cope with this.
 documentation](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/) if you are unfamiliar  
 with pkgsrc and/or handling of binary packages. Xen 3.1, 3.3, 4.1 and  The other difference is that XEN3_DOM0 does not have exactly the same
 4.2 are available. 3.1 supports PCI pass-through while other versions do  options as GENERIC.  While it is debatable whether or not this is a
 not. You'll need either `sysutils/xentools3` and `sysutils/xenkernel3`  bug, users should be aware of this and can simply add missing config
 for Xen 3.1, `sysutils/xentools33` and `sysutils/xenkernel33` for Xen  items if desired.
 3.3, `sysutils/xentools41` and `sysutils/xenkernel41` for Xen 4.1. or  
 `sysutils/xentools42` and `sysutils/xenkernel42` for Xen 4.2. You'll  
 also need `sysutils/grub` if you plan do use the grub boot loader. If  
 using Xen 3.1, you may also want to install `sysutils/xentools3-hvm`  
 which contains the utilities to run unmodified guests OSes using the  
 *HVM* support (for later versions this is included in  
 `sysutils/xentools`). Note that your CPU needs to support this. Intel  
 CPUs must have the 'VT' instruction, AMD CPUs the 'SVM' instruction. You  
 can easily find out if your CPU support HVM by using NetBSD's cpuctl  
 command:  
   
     # cpuctl identify 0  
     cpu0: Intel Core 2 (Merom) (686-class), id 0x6f6  
     cpu0: features 0xbfebfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR>  
     cpu0: features 0xbfebfbff<PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CFLUSH,DS,ACPI,MMX>  
     cpu0: features 0xbfebfbff<FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,TM,SBF>  
     cpu0: features2 0x4e33d<SSE3,DTES64,MONITOR,DS-CPL,,TM2,SSSE3,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,DCA>  
     cpu0: features3 0x20100800<SYSCALL/SYSRET,XD,EM64T>  
     cpu0: "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU            5130  @ 2.00GHz"  
     cpu0: I-cache 32KB 64B/line 8-way, D-cache 32KB 64B/line 8-way  
     cpu0: L2 cache 4MB 64B/line 16-way  
     cpu0: ITLB 128 4KB entries 4-way  
     cpu0: DTLB 256 4KB entries 4-way, 32 4MB entries 4-way  
     cpu0: Initial APIC ID 0  
     cpu0: Cluster/Package ID 0  
     cpu0: Core ID 0  
     cpu0: family 06 model 0f extfamily 00 extmodel 00  
   
 Depending on your CPU, the feature you are looking for is called HVM,  
 SVM or VMX.  
   
 Next you need to copy the selected Xen kernel itself. pkgsrc installed  
 them under `/usr/pkg/xen*-kernel/`. The file you're looking for is  
 `xen.gz`. Copy it to your root file system. `xen-debug.gz` is a kernel  
 with more consistency checks and more details printed on the serial  
 console. It is useful for debugging crashing guests if you use a serial  
 console. It is not useful with a VGA console.  
   
 You'll then need a NetBSD/Xen kernel for *domain0* on your root file  
 system. The XEN3PAE\_DOM0 kernel or XEN3\_DOM0 provided as part of the  
 i386 or amd64 binaries is suitable for this, but you may want to  
 customize it. Keep your native kernel around, as it can be useful for  
 recovery. *Note:* the *domain0* kernel must support KERNFS and `/kern`  
 must be mounted because *xend* needs access to `/kern/xen/privcmd`.  
   
 Next you need to get a bootloader to load the `xen.gz` kernel, and the  
 NetBSD *domain0* kernel as a module. This can be `grub` or NetBSD's boot  
 loader. Below is a detailled example for grub, see the boot.cfg(5)  
 manual page for an example using the latter.  
   
 This is also where you'll specify the memory allocated to *domain0*, the  
 console to use, etc ...  
   
 Here is a commented `/grub/menu.lst` file:  
   
     #Grub config file for NetBSD/xen. Copy as /grub/menu.lst and run  
     # grub-install /dev/rwd0d (assuming your boot device is wd0).  
     #  
     # The default entry to load will be the first one  
     default=0  
   
     # boot the default entry after 10s if the user didn't hit keyboard  
     timeout=10  
   
     # Configure serial port to use as console. Ignore if you'll use VGA only  
     serial --unit=0 --speed=115200 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1  
   
     # Let the user select which console to use (serial or VGA), default  
     # to serial after 10s  
     terminal --timeout=10 serial console  
   
     # An entry for NetBSD/xen, using /netbsd as the domain0 kernel, and serial  
     # console. Domain0 will have 64MB RAM allocated.  
     # Assume NetBSD is installed in the first MBR partition.  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, serial)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536 com1=115200,8n1  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd bootdev=wd0a ro console=ttyS0  
   
     # Same as above, but using VGA console  
     # We can use console=tty0 (Linux syntax) or console=pc (NetBSD syntax)  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, vga)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd bootdev=wd0a ro console=tty0  
   
     # NetBSD/xen using a backup domain0 kernel (in case you installed a  
     # nonworking kernel as /netbsd  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, backup, serial)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536 com1=115200,8n1  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd.backup bootdev=wd0a ro console=ttyS0  
     title Xen 3 / NetBSD (hda0, backup, VGA)  
       root(hd0,0)  
       kernel (hd0,a)/xen.gz dom0_mem=65536  
       module (hd0,a)/netbsd.backup bootdev=wd0a ro console=tty0  
   
     #Load a regular NetBSD/i386 kernel. Can be useful if you end up with a  
     #nonworking /xen.gz  
     title NetBSD 5.1  
       root (hd0,a)  
       kernel --type=netbsd /netbsd-GENERIC  
   
     #Load the NetBSD bootloader, letting it load the NetBSD/i386 kernel.  
     #May be better than the above, as grub can't pass all required infos  
     #to the NetBSD/i386 kernel (e.g. console, root device, ...)  
     title NetBSD chain  
       root        (hd0,0)  
       chainloader +1  
   
     ## end of grub config file.  
             
   
 Install grub with the following command:  
   
     # grub --no-floppy  
   
     grub> root (hd0,a)  
      Filesystem type is ffs, partition type 0xa9  
   
     grub> setup (hd0)  
      Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no  
      Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes  
      Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes  
      Checking if "/grub/ffs_stage1_5" exists... yes  
      Running "embed /grub/ffs_stage1_5 (hd0)"...  14 sectors are embedded.  
     succeeded  
      Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+14 p (hd0,0,a)/grub/stage2 /grub/menu.lst"...  
      succeeded  
     Done.  
             
   
 Updating NetBSD in a dom0  Updating NetBSD in a dom0
 -------------------------  -------------------------
Line 298  and adjusts /etc. Line 433  and adjusts /etc.
 Note that one must update both the non-Xen kernel typically used for  Note that one must update both the non-Xen kernel typically used for
 rescue purposes and the DOM0 kernel used with Xen.  rescue purposes and the DOM0 kernel used with Xen.
   
   Converting from grub to /boot
   -----------------------------
   
   These instructions were [TODO: will be] used to convert a system from
   grub to /boot.  The system was originally installed in February of
   2006 with a RAID1 setup and grub to boot Xen 2, and has been updated
   over time.  Before these commands, it was running NetBSD 6 i386, Xen
   4.1 and grub, much like the message linked earlier in the grub
   section.
   
           # Install mbr bootblocks on both disks. 
           fdisk -i /dev/rwd0d
           fdisk -i /dev/rwd1d
           # Install NetBSD primary boot loader (/ is FFSv1) into RAID1 components.
           installboot -v /dev/rwd0d /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1
           installboot -v /dev/rwd1d /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1
           # Install secondary boot loader
           cp -p /usr/mdec/boot /
           # Create boog.cfg following earlier guidance:
           menu=Xen:load /netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.gz dom0_mem=256M
           menu=Xen.ok:load /netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOM0.ok.gz console=pc;multiboot /xen.ok.gz dom0_mem=256M
           menu=GENERIC:boot
           menu=GENERIC single-user:boot -s
           menu=GENERIC.ok:boot netbsd.ok
           menu=GENERIC.ok single-user:boot netbsd.ok -s
           menu=Drop to boot prompt:prompt
           default=1
           timeout=30
   
   TODO: actually do this and fix it if necessary.
   
 Updating Xen versions  Updating Xen versions
 ---------------------  ---------------------
   
 TODO: write  Updating Xen is conceptually not difficult, but can run into all the
   issues found when installing Xen.  Assuming migration from 4.1 to 4.2,
   remove the xenkernel41 and xentools41 packages and install the
   xenkernel42 and xentools42 packages.  Copy the 4.2 xen.gz to /.
   
   Ensure that the contents of /etc/rc.d/xen* are correct.  Enable the
   correct set of daemons.  Ensure that the domU config files are valid
   for the new version.
   
   
   Unprivileged domains (domU)
   ===========================
   
   This section describes general concepts about domUs.  It does not
   address specific domU operating systems or how to install them.  The
   config files for domUs are typically in /usr/pkg/etc/xen, and are
   typically named so that the file name, domU name and the domU's host
   name match.
   
   The domU is provided with cpu and memory by Xen, configured by the
   dom0.  The domU is provided with disk and network by the dom0,
   mediated by Xen, and configured in the dom0.
   
   Entropy in domUs can be an issue; physical disks and network are on
   the dom0.  NetBSD's /dev/random system works, but is often challenged.
   
   Config files
   ------------
   
   There is no good order to present config files and the concepts
   surrounding what is being configured.  We first show an example config
   file, and then in the various sections give details.
   
   See (at least in xentools41) /usr/pkg/share/examples/xen/xmexample*,
   for a large number of well-commented examples, mostly for running
   GNU/Linux.
   
   The following is an example minimal domain configuration file
   "/usr/pkg/etc/xen/foo".  It is (with only a name change) an actual
   known working config file on Xen 4.1 (NetBSD 5 amd64 dom0 and NetBSD 5
   i386 domU).  The domU serves as a network file server.
   
           # -*- mode: python; -*-
   
           kernel = "/netbsd-XEN3PAE_DOMU-i386-foo.gz"
           memory = 1024
           vif = [ 'mac=aa:00:00:d1:00:09,bridge=bridge0' ]
           disk = [ 'file:/n0/xen/foo-wd0,0x0,w',
                    'file:/n0/xen/foo-wd1,0x1,w' ]
   
   The domain will have the same name as the file.  The kernel has the
   host/domU name in it, so that on the dom0 one can update the various
   domUs independently.  The vif line causes an interface to be provided,
   with a specific mac address (do not reuse MAC addresses!), in bridge
   mode.  Two disks are provided, and they are both writable; the bits
   are stored in files and Xen attaches them to a vnd(4) device in the
   dom0 on domain creation.  The system treates xbd0 as the boot device
   without needing explicit configuration.
   
   By default xm looks for domain config files in /usr/pkg/etc/xen.  Note
   that "xm create" takes the name of a config file, while other commands
   take the name of a domain.  To create the domain, connect to the
   console, create the domain while attaching the console, shutdown the
   domain, and see if it has finished stopping, do (or xl with Xen >=
   4.2):
   
           xm create foo
           xm console foo
           xm create -c foo
           xm shutdown foo
           xm list
   
   Typing ^] will exit the console session.  Shutting down a domain is
   equivalent to pushing the power button; a NetBSD domU will receive a
   power-press event and do a clean shutdown.  Shutting down the dom0
   will trigger controlled shutdowns of all configured domUs.
   
   domU kernels
   ------------
   
   On a physical computer, the BIOS reads sector 0, and a chain of boot
   loaders finds and loads a kernel.  Normally this comes from the root
   filesystem.  With Xen domUs, the process is totally different.  The
   normal path is for the domU kernel to be a file in the dom0's
   filesystem.  At the request of the dom0, Xen loads that kernel into a
   new domU instance and starts execution.  While domU kernels can be
   anyplace, reasonable places to store domU kernels on the dom0 are in /
   (so they are near the dom0 kernel), in /usr/pkg/etc/xen (near the
   config files), or in /u0/xen (where the vdisks are).
   
   Note that loading the domU kernel from the dom0 implies that boot
   blocks, /boot, /boot.cfg, and so on are all ignored in the domU.
   See the VPS section near the end for discussion of alternate ways to
   obtain domU kernels.
   
   CPU and memory
   --------------
   
   A domain is provided with some number of vcpus, less than the number
   of cpus seen by the hypervisor.  (For a dom0, this is controlled by
   the boot argument "dom0_max_vcpus=1".)  For a domU, it is controlled
   from the config file by the "vcpus = N" directive.
   
   A domain is provided with memory; this is controlled in the config
   file by "memory = N" (in megabytes).  In the straightforward case, the
   sum of the the memory allocated to the dom0 and all domUs must be less
   than the available memory.
   
   Xen also provides a "balloon" driver, which can be used to let domains
   use more memory temporarily.  TODO: Explain better, and explain how
   well it works with NetBSD.
   
   Virtual disks
   -------------
   
   With the file/vnd style, typically one creates a directory,
   e.g. /u0/xen, on a disk large enough to hold virtual disks for all
   domUs.  Then, for each domU disk, one writes zeros to a file that then
   serves to hold the virtual disk's bits; a suggested name is foo-xbd0
   for the first virtual disk for the domU called foo.  Writing zeros to
   the file serves two purposes.  One is that preallocating the contents
   improves performance.  The other is that vnd on sparse files has
   failed to work.  TODO: give working/notworking NetBSD versions for
   sparse vnd.  Note that the use of file/vnd for Xen is not really
   different than creating a file-backed virtual disk for some other
   purpose, except that xentools handles the vnconfig commands.  To
   create an empty 4G virtual disk, simply do
   
           dd if=/dev/zero of=foo-xbd0 bs=1m count=4096
   
   With the lvm style, one creates logical devices.  They are then used
   similarly to vnds.  TODO: Add an example with lvm.
   
   In domU config files, the disks are defined as a sequence of 3-tuples.
   The first element is "method:/path/to/disk".  Common methods are
   "file:" for file-backed vnd. and "phy:" for something that is already
   a (TODO: character or block) device.
   
   The second element is an artifact of how virtual disks are passed to
   Linux, and a source of confusion with NetBSD Xen usage.  Linux domUs
   are given a device name to associate with the disk, and values like
   "hda1" or "sda1" are common.  In a NetBSD domU, the first disk appears
   as xbd0, the second as xbd1, and so on.  However, xm/xl demand a
   second argument.  The name given is converted to a major/minor by
   calling stat(2) on the name in /dev and this is passed to the domU.
   In the general case, the dom0 and domU can be different operating
   systems, and it is an unwarranted assumption that they have consistent
   numbering in /dev, or even that the dom0 OS has a /dev.  With NetBSD
   as both dom0 and domU, using values of 0x0 for the first disk and 0x1
   for the second works fine and avoids this issue.  For a GNU/Linux
   guest, one can create /dev/hda1 in /dev, or to pass 0x301 for
   /dev/hda1.
   
   The third element is "w" for writable disks, and "r" for read-only
   disks.
   
   Virtual Networking
   ------------------
   
   Xen provides virtual ethernets, each of which connects the dom0 and a
   domU.  For each virtual network, there is an interface "xvifN.M" in
   the dom0, and in domU index N, a matching interface xennetM (NetBSD
   name).  The interfaces behave as if there is an Ethernet with two
   adaptors connected.  From this primitive, one can construct various
   configurations.  We focus on two common and useful cases for which
   there are existing scripts: bridging and NAT.
   
   With bridging (in the example above), the domU perceives itself to be
   on the same network as the dom0.  For server virtualization, this is
   usually best.  Bridging is accomplished by creating a bridge(4) device
   and adding the dom0's physical interface and the various xvifN.0
   interfaces to the bridge.  One specifies "bridge=bridge0" in the domU
   config file.  The bridge must be set up already in the dom0; an
   example /etc/ifconfig.bridge0 is:
   
           create
           up
           !brconfig bridge0 add wm0
   
   With NAT, the domU perceives itself to be behind a NAT running on the
   dom0.  This is often appropriate when running Xen on a workstation.
   TODO: NAT appears to be configured by "vif = [ '' ]".
   
   The MAC address specified is the one used for the interface in the new
   domain.  The interface in dom0 will use this address XOR'd with
   00:00:00:01:00:00.  Random MAC addresses are assigned if not given.
   
   Sizing domains
   --------------
   
   Modern x86 hardware has vast amounts of resources.  However, many
   virtual servers can function just fine on far less.  A system with
   256M of RAM and a 4G disk can be a reasonable choice.  Note that it is
   far easier to adjust virtual resources than physical ones.  For
   memory, it's just a config file edit and a reboot.  For disk, one can
   create a new file and vnconfig it (or lvm), and then dump/restore,
   just like updating physical disks, but without having to be there and
   without those pesky connectors.
   
   Starting domains automatically
   ------------------------------
   
   To start domains foo at bar at boot and shut them down cleanly on dom0
   shutdown, in rc.conf add:
   
 Creating unprivileged domains (domU)          xendomains="foo bar"
 ====================================  
   TODO: Explain why 4.1 rc.d/xendomains has xl, when one should use xm
   on 4.1.  Or fix the xentools41 package to have xm
   
   Creating specific unprivileged domains (domU)
   =============================================
   
 Creating domUs is almost entirely independent of operating system.  We  Creating domUs is almost entirely independent of operating system.  We
 first explain NetBSD, and then differences for Linux and Solaris.  have already presented the basics of config files.  Note that you must
   have already completed the dom0 setup so that "xl list" (or "xm list")
   works.
   
 Creating an unprivileged NetBSD domain (domU)  Creating an unprivileged NetBSD domain (domU)
 ---------------------------------------------  ---------------------------------------------
   
 Once you have *domain0* running, you need to start the xen tool daemon  See the earlier config file, and adjust memory.  Decide on how much
 (`/usr/pkg/share/examples/rc.d/xend start`) and the xen backend daemon  storage you will provide, and prepare it (file or lvm).
 (`/usr/pkg/share/examples/rc.d/xenbackendd start` for Xen3\*,  
 `/usr/pkg/share/examples/rc.d/xencommons start` for Xen4.\*). Make sure  
 that `/dev/xencons` and `/dev/xenevt` exist before starting `xend`. You  
 can create them with this command:  
   
     # cd /dev && sh MAKEDEV xen  
   
 xend will write logs to `/var/log/xend.log` and  
 `/var/log/xend-debug.log`. You can then control xen with the xm tool.  
 'xm list' will show something like:  
   
     # xm list  
     Name              Id  Mem(MB)  CPU  State  Time(s)  Console  
     Domain-0           0       64    0  r----     58.1  
   
 'xm create' allows you to create a new domain. It uses a config file in  
 PKG\_SYSCONFDIR for its parameters. By default, this file will be in  
 `/usr/pkg/etc/xen/`. On creation, a kernel has to be specified, which  
 will be executed in the new domain (this kernel is in the *domain0* file  
 system, not on the new domain virtual disk; but please note, you should  
 install the same kernel into *domainU* as `/netbsd` in order to make  
 your system tools, like MAN.SAVECORE.8, work). A suitable kernel is  
 provided as part of the i386 and amd64 binary sets: XEN3\_DOMU.  
   
 Here is an /usr/pkg/etc/xen/nbsd example config file:  
   
     #  -*- mode: python; -*-  
     #============================================================================  
     # Python defaults setup for 'xm create'.  
     # Edit this file to reflect the configuration of your system.  
     #============================================================================  
   
     #----------------------------------------------------------------------------  
     # Kernel image file. This kernel will be loaded in the new domain.  
     kernel = "/home/bouyer/netbsd-XEN3_DOMU"  
     #kernel = "/home/bouyer/netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU"  
   
     # Memory allocation (in megabytes) for the new domain.  
     memory = 128  
   
     # A handy name for your new domain. This will appear in 'xm list',  
     # and you can use this as parameters for xm in place of the domain  
     # number. All domains must have different names.  
     #  
     name = "nbsd"  
   
     # The number of virtual CPUs this domain has.  
     #  
     vcpus = 1  
   
     #----------------------------------------------------------------------------  
     # Define network interfaces for the new domain.  
   
     # Number of network interfaces (must be at least 1). Default is 1.  
     nics = 1  
   
     # Define MAC and/or bridge for the network interfaces.  
     #  
     # The MAC address specified in ``mac'' is the one used for the interface  
     # in the new domain. The interface in domain0 will use this address XOR'd  
     # with 00:00:00:01:00:00 (i.e. aa:00:00:51:02:f0 in our example). Random  
     # MACs are assigned if not given.  
     #  
     # ``bridge'' is a required parameter, which will be passed to the  
     # vif-script called by xend(8) when a new domain is created to configure  
     # the new xvif interface in domain0.  
     #  
     # In this example, the xvif is added to bridge0, which should have been  
     # set up prior to the new domain being created -- either in the  
     # ``network'' script or using a /etc/ifconfig.bridge0 file.  
     #  
     vif = [ 'mac=aa:00:00:50:02:f0, bridge=bridge0' ]  
   
     #----------------------------------------------------------------------------  
     # Define the disk devices you want the domain to have access to, and  
     # what you want them accessible as.  
     #  
     # Each disk entry is of the form:  
     #  
     #   phy:DEV,VDEV,MODE  
     #  
     # where DEV is the device, VDEV is the device name the domain will see,  
     # and MODE is r for read-only, w for read-write.  You can also create  
     # file-backed domains using disk entries of the form:  
     #  
     #   file:PATH,VDEV,MODE  
     #  
     # where PATH is the path to the file used as the virtual disk, and VDEV  
     # and MODE have the same meaning as for ``phy'' devices.  
     #  
     # VDEV doesn't really matter for a NetBSD guest OS (it's just used as an index),  
     # but it does for Linux.  
     # Worse, the device has to exist in /dev/ of domain0, because xm will  
     # try to stat() it. This means that in order to load a Linux guest OS  
     # from a NetBSD domain0, you'll have to create /dev/hda1, /dev/hda2, ...  
     # on domain0, with the major/minor from Linux :(  
     # Alternatively it's possible to specify the device number in hex,  
     # e.g. 0x301 for /dev/hda1, 0x302 for /dev/hda2, etc ...  
   
     disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w' ]  While the kernel will be obtained from the dom0 filesystem, the same
     #disk = [ 'file:/var/xen/nbsd-disk,0x01,w' ]  file should be present in the domU as /netbsd so that tools like
     #disk = [ 'file:/var/xen/nbsd-disk,0x301,w' ]  savecore(8) can work.   (This is helpful but not necessary.)
   
   The kernel must be specifically for Xen and for use as a domU.  The
   i386 and amd64 provide the following kernels:
   
           i386 XEN3_DOMU
           i386 XEN3PAE_DOMU
           amd64 XEN3_DOMU
   
     #----------------------------------------------------------------------------  Unless using Xen 3.1 (and you shouldn't) with i386-mode Xen, you must
     # Set the kernel command line for the new domain.  use the PAE version of the i386 kernel.
   
     # Set root device. This one does matter for NetBSD  This will boot NetBSD, but this is not that useful if the disk is
     root = "xbd0"  empty.  One approach is to unpack sets onto the disk outside of xen
     # extra parameters passed to the kernel  (by mounting it, just as you would prepare a physical disk for a
     # this is where you can set boot flags like -s, -a, etc ...  system you can't run the installer on).
     #extra = ""  
   
     #----------------------------------------------------------------------------  
     # Set according to whether you want the domain restarted when it exits.  
     # The default is False.  
     #autorestart = True  
   
     # end of nbsd config file ====================================================  
   
 When a new domain is created, xen calls the  
 `/usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge` script for each virtual network interface  
 created in *domain0*. This can be used to automatically configure the  
 xvif?.? interfaces in *domain0*. In our example, these will be bridged  
 with the bridge0 device in *domain0*, but the bridge has to exist first.  
 To do this, create the file `/etc/ifconfig.bridge0` and make it look  
 like this:  
   
     create  
     !brconfig $int add ex0 up  
   
 (replace `ex0` with the name of your physical interface). Then bridge0  
 will be created on boot. See the MAN.BRIDGE.4 man page for details.  
   
 So, here is a suitable `/usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge` for xvif?.? (a  
 working vif-bridge is also provided with xentools20) configuring:  
   
     #!/bin/sh  
     #============================================================================  
     # $NetBSD: howto.mdwn,v 1.14 2014/12/23 23:43:27 gdt Exp $  
     #  
     # /usr/pkg/etc/xen/vif-bridge  
     #  
     # Script for configuring a vif in bridged mode with a dom0 interface.  
     # The xend(8) daemon calls a vif script when bringing a vif up or down.  
     # The script name to use is defined in /usr/pkg/etc/xen/xend-config.sxp  
     # in the ``vif-script'' field.  
     #  
     # Usage: vif-bridge up|down [var=value ...]  
     #  
     # Actions:  
     #    up     Adds the vif interface to the bridge.  
     #    down   Removes the vif interface from the bridge.  
     #  
     # Variables:  
     #    domain name of the domain the interface is on (required).  
     #    vifq   vif interface name (required).  
     #    mac    vif MAC address (required).  
     #    bridge bridge to add the vif to (required).  
     #  
     # Example invocation:  
     #  
     # vif-bridge up domain=VM1 vif=xvif1.0 mac="ee:14:01:d0:ec:af" bridge=bridge0  
     #  
     #============================================================================  
   
     # Exit if anything goes wrong  
     set -e  
   
     echo "vif-bridge $*"  
   
     # Operation name.  
     OP=$1; shift  
   
     # Pull variables in args into environment  
     for arg ; do export "${arg}" ; done  
   
     # Required parameters. Fail if not set.  
     domain=${domain:?}  
     vif=${vif:?}  
     mac=${mac:?}  
     bridge=${bridge:?}  
   
     # Optional parameters. Set defaults.  
     ip=${ip:-''}   # default to null (do nothing)  
   
     # Are we going up or down?  
     case $OP in  
     up) brcmd='add' ;;  
     down)   brcmd='delete' ;;  
     *)  
         echo 'Invalid command: ' $OP  
         echo 'Valid commands are: up, down'  
         exit 1  
         ;;  
     esac  
   
     # Don't do anything if the bridge is "null".  
     if [ "${bridge}" = "null" ] ; then  
         exit  
     fi  
   
     # Don't do anything if the bridge doesn't exist.  
     if ! ifconfig -l | grep "${bridge}" >/dev/null; then  
         exit  
     fi  
   
     # Add/remove vif to/from bridge.  
     ifconfig x${vif} $OP  
     brconfig ${bridge} ${brcmd} x${vif}  
   
 Now, running  
   
     xm create -c /usr/pkg/etc/xen/nbsd  
   
 should create a domain and load a NetBSD kernel in it. (Note: `-c`  
 causes xm to connect to the domain's console once created.) The kernel  
 will try to find its root file system on xbd0 (i.e., wd0e) which hasn't  
 been created yet. wd0e will be seen as a disk device in the new domain,  
 so it will be 'sub-partitioned'. We could attach a ccd to wd0e in  
 *domain0* and partition it, newfs and extract the NetBSD/i386 or amd64  
 tarballs there, but there's an easier way: load the  
 `netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU` kernel provided in the NetBSD binary sets.  
 Like other install kernels, it contains a ramdisk with sysinst, so you  
 can install NetBSD using sysinst on your new domain.  
   
 If you want to install NetBSD/Xen with a CDROM image, the following line  A second approach is to run an INSTALL kernel, which has a miniroot
 should be used in the `/usr/pkg/etc/xen/nbsd` file:  and can load sets from the network.  To do this, copy the INSTALL
   kernel to / and change the kernel line in the config file to:
   
           kernel = "/home/bouyer/netbsd-INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU"
   
   Then, start the domain as "xl create -c configname".
   
   Alternatively, if you want to install NetBSD/Xen with a CDROM image, the following
   line should be used in the config file.
   
     disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w', 'phy:/dev/cd0a,0x2,r' ]      disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w', 'phy:/dev/cd0a,0x2,r' ]
   
 After booting the domain, the option to install via CDROM may be  After booting the domain, the option to install via CDROM may be
 selected. The CDROM device should be changed to `xbd1d`.  selected.  The CDROM device should be changed to `xbd1d`.
   
 Once done installing, `halt -p` the new domain (don't reboot or halt, it  Once done installing, "halt -p" the new domain (don't reboot or halt,
 would reload the INSTALL\_XEN3\_DOMU kernel even if you changed the  it would reload the INSTALL_XEN3_DOMU kernel even if you changed the
 config file), switch the config file back to the XEN3\_DOMU kernel, and  config file), switch the config file back to the XEN3_DOMU kernel,
 start the new domain again. Now it should be able to use `root on xbd0a`  and start the new domain again. Now it should be able to use "root on
 and you should have a second, functional NetBSD system on your xen  xbd0a" and you should have a, functional NetBSD domU.
 installation.  
   
   TODO: check if this is still accurate.
 When the new domain is booting you'll see some warnings about *wscons*  When the new domain is booting you'll see some warnings about *wscons*
 and the pseudo-terminals. These can be fixed by editing the files  and the pseudo-terminals. These can be fixed by editing the files
 `/etc/ttys` and `/etc/wscons.conf`. You must disable all terminals in  `/etc/ttys` and `/etc/wscons.conf`. You must disable all terminals in
Line 569  Finally, all screens must be commented o Line 748  Finally, all screens must be commented o
   
 It is also desirable to add  It is also desirable to add
   
     powerd=YES          powerd=YES
   
 in rc.conf. This way, the domain will be properly shut down if  in rc.conf. This way, the domain will be properly shut down if
 `xm shutdown -R` or `xm shutdown -H` is used on the domain0.  `xm shutdown -R` or `xm shutdown -H` is used on the dom0.
   
 Your domain should be now ready to work, enjoy.  Your domain should be now ready to work, enjoy.
   
Line 588  the example below) Line 767  the example below)
     disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w' ]      disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x1,w' ]
   
 does matter to Linux. It wants a Linux device number here (e.g. 0x300  does matter to Linux. It wants a Linux device number here (e.g. 0x300
 for hda). Linux builds device numbers as: (major \<\< 8 + minor). So,  for hda).  Linux builds device numbers as: (major \<\< 8 + minor).
 hda1 which has major 3 and minor 1 on a Linux system will have device  So, hda1 which has major 3 and minor 1 on a Linux system will have
 number 0x301. Alternatively, devices names can be used (hda, hdb, ...)  device number 0x301.  Alternatively, devices names can be used (hda,
 as xentools has a table to map these names to devices numbers. To export  hdb, ...)  as xentools has a table to map these names to devices
 a partition to a Linux guest we can use:  numbers.  To export a partition to a Linux guest we can use:
   
     disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x300,w' ]          disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0e,0x300,w' ]
     root = "/dev/hda1 ro"          root = "/dev/hda1 ro"
   
 and it will appear as /dev/hda on the Linux system, and be used as root  and it will appear as /dev/hda on the Linux system, and be used as root
 partition.  partition.
   
 To install the Linux system on the partition to be exported to the guest  To install the Linux system on the partition to be exported to the
 domain, the following method can be used: install sysutils/e2fsprogs  guest domain, the following method can be used: install
 from pkgsrc. Use mke2fs to format the partition that will be the root  sysutils/e2fsprogs from pkgsrc.  Use mke2fs to format the partition
 partition of your Linux domain, and mount it. Then copy the files from a  that will be the root partition of your Linux domain, and mount it.
 working Linux system, make adjustments in `/etc` (fstab, network  Then copy the files from a working Linux system, make adjustments in
 config). It should also be possible to extract binary packages such as  `/etc` (fstab, network config).  It should also be possible to extract
 .rpm or .deb directly to the mounted partition using the appropriate  binary packages such as .rpm or .deb directly to the mounted partition
 tool, possibly running under NetBSD's Linux emulation. Once the  using the appropriate tool, possibly running under NetBSD's Linux
 filesystem has been populated, umount it. If desirable, the filesystem  emulation.  Once the filesystem has been populated, umount it.  If
 can be converted to ext3 using tune2fs -j. It should now be possible to  desirable, the filesystem can be converted to ext3 using tune2fs -j.
 boot the Linux guest domain, using one of the vmlinuz-\*-xenU kernels  It should now be possible to boot the Linux guest domain, using one of
 available in the Xen binary distribution.  the vmlinuz-\*-xenU kernels available in the Xen binary distribution.
   
 To get the linux console right, you need to add:  To get the linux console right, you need to add:
   
Line 623  tty to the xen console. Line 802  tty to the xen console.
 Creating an unprivileged Solaris domain (domU)  Creating an unprivileged Solaris domain (domU)
 ----------------------------------------------  ----------------------------------------------
   
 Download an Opensolaris [release](http://opensolaris.org/os/downloads/)  See possibly outdated
 or [development snapshot](http://genunix.org/) DVD image. Attach the DVD  [Solaris domU instructions](/ports/xen/howto-solaris/).
 image to a MAN.VND.4 device. Copy the kernel and ramdisk filesystem  
 image to your dom0 filesystem.  
   PCI passthrough: Using PCI devices in guest domains
     dom0# mkdir /root/solaris  ---------------------------------------------------
     dom0# vnconfig vnd0 osol-1002-124-x86.iso  
     dom0# mount /dev/vnd0a /mnt  The dom0 can give other domains access to selected PCI
   devices. This can allow, for example, a non-privileged domain to have
     ## for a 64-bit guest  access to a physical network interface or disk controller.  However,
     dom0# cp /mnt/boot/amd64/x86.microroot /root/solaris  keep in mind that giving a domain access to a PCI device most likely
     dom0# cp /mnt/platform/i86xpv/kernel/amd64/unix /root/solaris  will give the domain read/write access to the whole physical memory,
   as PCs don't have an IOMMU to restrict memory access to DMA-capable
     ## for a 32-bit guest  device.  Also, it's not possible to export ISA devices to non-dom0
     dom0# cp /mnt/boot/x86.microroot /root/solaris  domains, which means that the primary VGA adapter can't be exported.
     dom0# cp /mnt/platform/i86xpv/kernel/unix /root/solaris  A guest domain trying to access the VGA registers will panic.
   
     dom0# umount /mnt  If the dom0 is NetBSD, it has to be running Xen 3.1, as support has
             not been ported to later versions at this time.
   
 Keep the MAN.VND.4 configured. For some reason the boot process stalls  For a PCI device to be exported to a domU, is has to be attached to
 unless the DVD image is attached to the guest as a "phy" device. Create  the "pciback" driver in dom0.  Devices passed to the dom0 via the
 an initial configuration file with the following contents. Substitute  pciback.hide boot parameter will attach to "pciback" instead of the
 */dev/wd0k* with an empty partition at least 8 GB large.  usual driver.  The list of devices is specified as "(bus:dev.func)",
   
     memory = 640  
     name = 'solaris'  
     disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0k,0,w' ]  
     disk += [ 'phy:/dev/vnd0d,6:cdrom,r' ]  
     vif = [ 'bridge=bridge0' ]  
     kernel = '/root/solaris/unix'  
     ramdisk = '/root/solaris/x86.microroot'  
     # for a 64-bit guest  
     extra = '/platform/i86xpv/kernel/amd64/unix - nowin -B install_media=cdrom'  
     # for a 32-bit guest  
     #extra = '/platform/i86xpv/kernel/unix - nowin -B install_media=cdrom'  
             
   
 Start the guest.  
   
     dom0# xm create -c solaris.cfg  
     Started domain solaris  
                           v3.3.2 chgset 'unavailable'  
     SunOS Release 5.11 Version snv_124 64-bit  
     Copyright 1983-2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.  
     Use is subject to license terms.  
     Hostname: opensolaris  
     Remounting root read/write  
     Probing for device nodes ...  
     WARNING: emlxs: ddi_modopen drv/fct failed: err 2  
     Preparing live image for use  
     Done mounting Live image  
             
   
 Make sure the network is configured. Note that it can take a minute for  
 the xnf0 interface to appear.  
   
     opensolaris console login: jack  
     Password: jack  
     Sun Microsystems Inc.   SunOS 5.11      snv_124 November 2008  
     jack@opensolaris:~$ pfexec sh  
     sh-3.2# ifconfig -a  
     sh-3.2# exit  
             
   
 Set a password for VNC and start the VNC server which provides the X11  
 display where the installation program runs.  
   
     jack@opensolaris:~$ vncpasswd  
     Password: solaris  
     Verify: solaris  
     jack@opensolaris:~$ cp .Xclients .vnc/xstartup  
     jack@opensolaris:~$ vncserver :1  
             
   
 From a remote machine connect to the VNC server. Use `ifconfig xnf0` on  
 the guest to find the correct IP address to use.  
   
     remote$ vncviewer 172.18.2.99:1  
             
   
 It is also possible to launch the installation on a remote X11 display.  
   
     jack@opensolaris:~$ export DISPLAY=172.18.1.1:0  
     jack@opensolaris:~$ pfexec gui-install  
              
   
 After the GUI installation is complete you will be asked to reboot.  
 Before that you need to determine the ZFS ID for the new boot filesystem  
 and update the configuration file accordingly. Return to the guest  
 console.  
   
     jack@opensolaris:~$ pfexec zdb -vvv rpool | grep bootfs  
                     bootfs = 43  
     ^C  
     jack@opensolaris:~$  
              
   
 The final configuration file should look like this. Note in particular  
 the last line.  
   
     memory = 640  
     name = 'solaris'  
     disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wd0k,0,w' ]  
     vif = [ 'bridge=bridge0' ]  
     kernel = '/root/solaris/unix'  
     ramdisk = '/root/solaris/x86.microroot'  
     extra = '/platform/i86xpv/kernel/amd64/unix -B zfs-bootfs=rpool/43,bootpath="/xpvd/xdf@0:a"'  
              
   
 Restart the guest to verify it works correctly.  
   
     dom0# xm destroy solaris  
     dom0# xm create -c solaris.cfg  
     Using config file "./solaris.cfg".  
     v3.3.2 chgset 'unavailable'  
     Started domain solaris  
     SunOS Release 5.11 Version snv_124 64-bit  
     Copyright 1983-2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.  
     Use is subject to license terms.  
     WARNING: emlxs: ddi_modopen drv/fct failed: err 2  
     Hostname: osol  
     Configuring devices.  
     Loading smf(5) service descriptions: 160/160  
     svccfg import warnings. See /var/svc/log/system-manifest-import:default.log .  
     Reading ZFS config: done.  
     Mounting ZFS filesystems: (6/6)  
     Creating new rsa public/private host key pair  
     Creating new dsa public/private host key pair  
   
     osol console login:  
              
   
 Using PCI devices in guest domains  
 ----------------------------------  
   
 The domain0 can give other domains access to selected PCI devices. This  
 can allow, for example, a non-privileged domain to have access to a  
 physical network interface or disk controller. However, keep in mind  
 that giving a domain access to a PCI device most likely will give the  
 domain read/write access to the whole physical memory, as PCs don't have  
 an IOMMU to restrict memory access to DMA-capable device. Also, it's not  
 possible to export ISA devices to non-domain0 domains (which means that  
 the primary VGA adapter can't be exported. A guest domain trying to  
 access the VGA registers will panic).  
   
 This functionality is only available in NetBSD-5.1 (and later) domain0  
 and domU. If the domain0 is NetBSD, it has to be running Xen 3.1, as  
 support has not been ported to later versions at this time.  
   
 For a PCI device to be exported to a domU, is has to be attached to the  
 `pciback` driver in domain0. Devices passed to the domain0 via the  
 pciback.hide boot parameter will attach to `pciback` instead of the  
 usual driver. The list of devices is specified as `(bus:dev.func)`,  
 where bus and dev are 2-digit hexadecimal numbers, and func a  where bus and dev are 2-digit hexadecimal numbers, and func a
 single-digit number:  single-digit number:
   
     pciback.hide=(00:0a.0)(00:06.0)          pciback.hide=(00:0a.0)(00:06.0)
   
 pciback devices should show up in the domain0's boot messages, and the  pciback devices should show up in the dom0's boot messages, and the
 devices should be listed in the `/kern/xen/pci` directory.  devices should be listed in the `/kern/xen/pci` directory.
   
 PCI devices to be exported to a domU are listed in the `pci` array of  PCI devices to be exported to a domU are listed in the "pci" array of
 the domU's config file, with the format `'0000:bus:dev.func'`  the domU's config file, with the format "0000:bus:dev.func".
   
           pci = [ '0000:00:06.0', '0000:00:0a.0' ]
   
   In the domU an "xpci" device will show up, to which one or more pci
   busses will attach.  Then the PCI drivers will attach to PCI busses as
   usual.  Note that the default NetBSD DOMU kernels do not have "xpci"
   or any PCI drivers built in by default; you have to build your own
   kernel to use PCI devices in a domU.  Here's a kernel config example;
   note that only the "xpci" lines are unusual.
   
           include         "arch/i386/conf/XEN3_DOMU"
   
           # Add support for PCI busses to the XEN3_DOMU kernel
           xpci* at xenbus ?
           pci* at xpci ?
   
           # PCI USB controllers
           uhci*   at pci? dev ? function ?        # Universal Host Controller (Intel)
   
           # USB bus support
           usb*    at uhci?
   
           # USB Hubs
           uhub*   at usb?
           uhub*   at uhub? port ? configuration ? interface ?
   
           # USB Mass Storage
           umass*  at uhub? port ? configuration ? interface ?
           wd*     at umass?
           # SCSI controllers
           ahc*    at pci? dev ? function ?        # Adaptec [23]94x, aic78x0 SCSI
   
           # SCSI bus support (for both ahc and umass)
           scsibus* at scsi?
   
           # SCSI devices
           sd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI disk drives
           cd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI CD-ROM drives
   
   
   NetBSD as a domU in a VPS
   =========================
   
   The bulk of the HOWTO is about using NetBSD as a dom0 on your own
   hardware.  This section explains how to deal with Xen in a domU as a
   virtual private server where you do not control or have access to the
   dom0.  This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of VPS providers;
   only a few are mentioned that specifically support NetBSD.
   
   VPS operators provide varying degrees of access and mechanisms for
   configuration.  The big issue is usually how one controls which kernel
   is booted, because the kernel is nominally in the dom0 filesystem (to
   which VPS users do not normally have acesss).  A second issue is how
   to install NetBSD.
   A VPS user may want to compile a kernel for security updates, to run
   npf, run IPsec, or any other reason why someone would want to change
   their kernel.
   
   One approach is to have an adminstrative interface to upload a kernel,
   or to select from a prepopulated list.  Other approaches are pygrub
   (deprecated) and pvgrub, which are ways to have a bootloader obtain a
   kernel from the domU filesystem.  This is closer to a regular physical
   computer, where someone who controls a machine can replace the kernel.
   
   A second issue is multiple CPUs.  With NetBSD 6, domUs support
   multiple vcpus, and it is typical for VPS providers to enable multiple
   CPUs for NetBSD domUs.
   
   pygrub
   -------
   
   pygrub runs in the dom0 and looks into the domU filesystem.  This
   implies that the domU must have a kernel in a filesystem in a format
   known to pygrub.  As of 2014, pygrub seems to be of mostly historical
   interest.
   
   pvgrub
   ------
   
   pvgrub is a version of grub that uses PV operations instead of BIOS
   calls.  It is booted from the dom0 as the domU kernel, and then reads
   /grub/menu.lst and loads a kernel from the domU filesystem.
   
   [Panix](http://www.panix.com/) lets users use pvgrub.  Panix reports
   that pvgrub works with FFsv2 with 16K/2K and 32K/4K block/frag sizes
   (and hence with defaults from "newfs -O 2").  See [Panix's pvgrub
   page](http://www.panix.com/v-colo/grub.html), which describes only
   Linux but should be updated to cover NetBSD :-).
   
   [prgmr.com](http://prgmr.com/) also lets users with pvgrub to boot
   their own kernel.  See then [prgmr.com NetBSD
   HOWTO](http://wiki.prgmr.com/mediawiki/index.php/NetBSD_as_a_DomU)
   (which is in need of updating).
   
   It appears that [grub's FFS
   code](http://xenbits.xensource.com/hg/xen-unstable.hg/file/bca284f67702/tools/libfsimage/ufs/fsys_ufs.c)
   does not support all aspects of modern FFS, but there are also reports
   that FFSv2 works fine.  At prgmr, typically one has an ext2 or FAT
   partition for the kernel with the intent that grub can understand it,
   which leads to /netbsd not being the actual kernel.  One must remember
   to update the special boot partiion.
   
   Amazon
   ------
   
   TODO: add link to NetBSD amazon howto.
   
   Using npf
   ---------
   
     pci = [ '0000:00:06.0', '0000:00:0a.0' ]  In standard kernels, npf is a module, and thus cannot be loaded in a
   DOMU kernel.
   
 In the domU an `xpci` device will show up, to which one or more pci  TODO: explain how to compile npf into a custom kernel, answering (but
 busses will attach. Then the PCI drivers will attach to PCI busses as  note that the problem was caused by not booting the right kernel):
 usual. Note that the default NetBSD DOMU kernels do not have `xpci` or  http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-users/2014/12/26/msg015576.html
 any PCI drivers built in by default; you have to build your own kernel  
 to use PCI devices in a domU. Here's a kernel config example:  TODO items for improving NetBSD/xen
   ===================================
     include         "arch/i386/conf/XEN3_DOMU"  
     #include         "arch/i386/conf/XENU"           # in NetBSD 3.0  * Package Xen 4.4.
   * Get PCI passthrough working on Xen 4.2 (or 4.4).
     # Add support for PCI busses to the XEN3_DOMU kernel  * Get pvgrub into pkgsrc, either via xentools or separately.
     xpci* at xenbus ?  * grub
     pci* at xpci ?    * Check/add support to pkgsrc grub2 for UFS2 and arbitrary
       fragsize/blocksize (UFS2 support may be present; the point is to
     # Now add PCI and related devices to be used by this domain      make it so that with any UFS1/UFS2 filesystem setup that works
     # USB Controller and Devices      with NetBSD grub will also work).
       See [pkg/40258](http://gnats.netbsd.org/40258).
     # PCI USB controllers    * Push patches upstream.
     uhci*   at pci? dev ? function ?        # Universal Host Controller (Intel)    * Get UFS2 patches into pvgrub.
   * Add support for PV ops to a version of /boot, and make it usable as
     # USB bus support    a kernel in Xen, similar to pvgrub.
     usb*    at uhci?  
   
     # USB Hubs  
     uhub*   at usb?  
     uhub*   at uhub? port ? configuration ? interface ?  
   
     # USB Mass Storage  
     umass*  at uhub? port ? configuration ? interface ?  
     wd*     at umass?  
     # SCSI controllers  
     ahc*    at pci? dev ? function ?        # Adaptec [23]94x, aic78x0 SCSI  
   
     # SCSI bus support (for both ahc and umass)  
     scsibus* at scsi?  
   
     # SCSI devices  
     sd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI disk drives  
     cd*     at scsibus? target ? lun ?      # SCSI CD-ROM drives  
   
 Links and further information  
 =============================  
   
 -   The [HowTo on Installing into RAID-1](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/port-xen/2006/03/01/0010.html)  
     explains how to set up booting a dom0 with Xen using grub   
     with NetBSD's RAIDframe.  (This is obsolete with the use of  
     NetBSD's native boot.)  
 -   An example of how to use NetBSD's native bootloader to load  
     NetBSD/Xen instead of Grub can be found in the i386/amd64 boot(8)  
     and boot.cfg(5) manpages.  
Removed from v.1.15  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.81

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