Annotation of wikisrc/ports/evbarm/raspberry_pi.mdwn, revision 1.127
1.1 jakllsch 1: [[!meta title="NetBSD/evbarm on Raspberry Pi"]]
2:
1.127 ! gdt 3: This page describes the NetBSD/evbarm port on [Raspberry Pi](http://www.raspberrypi.org) hardware. All [board variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Specifications) earlier than the RPI4 are believed supported, and specific boards known to work are listed. We use e.g. "RPI2" to refer to "Raspberry Pi 2" to save precious bytes on this page. This web page is still 32-bit (aarch32) centric, even though as of mid 2020 aarch64 is also a normal approach.
1.39 wiki 4:
1.127 ! gdt 5: Initial, limited, Raspberry Pi support was introduced in NetBSD 6.0. NetBSD 7.0 added complete support for the board, along with introducing support for the quad-core Raspberry Pi 2 board. Raspberry Pi 3 support was added for NetBSD 8. NetBSD 9 supports aarch64, meaning using the newer processors in 64-bit mode (via -current in mid 2018).
1.39 wiki 6:
1.127 ! gdt 7: Overall, this page takes the view that NetBSD 7 and earlier are obsolete; aside from history, it is written as if those versions don't exist.
1.114 gdt 8:
1.3 wiki 9: [[images/raspberrypi.jpg]]
10:
1.26 wiki 11: [[!toc levels=2]]
12:
1.14 wiki 13: <small>([Raspberry Pi image](http://www.flickr.com/photos/42325803@N07/8118758647/) by Christopher Lee used under CC-By-2.0 license)</small>
1.3 wiki 14:
1.54 gdt 15: # What works (and what doesn't yet)
1.53 gdt 16:
1.123 gdt 17: "Works" is primarily relative to the earmv6hf-el and earmv7hf-el CPU targets (32-bit).
18:
1.70 gdt 19: ## NetBSD 7 and NetBSD 8
1.53 gdt 20:
1.102 gdt 21: - RPI1, RPI2, RPI2-1.2, RPI3, RPI3+ (except RPI3 builtin WiFi and bluetooth)
22: - RPI0 and RPI0W are expected to work (without WiFi, and one needs fdt files \todo where from?)
1.101 gdt 23: - multiple processors on RPI2/RPI3
1.74 gdt 24: - boots normally to multiuser, with FAT32 boot partition on uSD
25: - root filesystem can be uSD or USB-attached mass storage
1.53 gdt 26: - serial or graphics console (with EDID query / parsing)
1.74 gdt 27: - X11 via HDMI
28: - GPU (VCHIQ) - 3D and video decode. man page missing.
29: - USB host controller - dwctwo(4) and most devices work
30: - USB Ethernet - usmsc(4)
1.53 gdt 31: - DMA controller driver and sdhc(4) support
1.74 gdt 32: - RNG
1.53 gdt 33: - Audio: works. man page missing.
1.74 gdt 34: - GPIO
1.53 gdt 35: - I²C: works, could use enhancements, man page
36: - SPI: could use enhancements, man page
37:
1.123 gdt 38: ## NetBSD 9
39:
40: - aarch64 support (RPI3, and should work on all supported systems with 64-bit CPUs)
1.126 gdt 41: - RPI3 new SD host controller driver
1.123 gdt 42:
1.125 gdt 43: ## NetBSD current
1.53 gdt 44:
1.101 gdt 45: - RPI3 builtin bluetooth
1.53 gdt 46:
1.125 gdt 47: ## (maybe) NetBSD current, with manual steps
48:
49: These items do not work in the sense that they simply function after a standard install. Being listed here implies only that there has been list traffic that implies that after taking a bunch of steps (e.g. new firmware, new dtbs, enabling drivers, applying patches), one can end up with the feature working. The HOWTO explicitly refrains from describing these steps because they are ephemeral. However, the fact that list traffic indicates success is possible is a clue that proper support is on the horizon, and that is notable.
50:
1.127 ! gdt 51: - RPI3 and RPI0W builtin WiFi
1.125 gdt 52:
1.102 gdt 53: ## What needs documenting if it works
54:
55: - CM1
56: - CM3
57: - CM3lite
58:
1.54 gdt 59: ## What needs work
1.53 gdt 60:
1.122 gdt 61: - RPI4 (as of 2020-01, still does not work in current)
1.53 gdt 62: - USB (host); isochronous transfers.
1.105 gdt 63: - RPI0W Bluetooth Low Energy (probably)
1.53 gdt 64:
1.57 gdt 65: # CPU types
66:
1.101 gdt 67: - RPI1 uses "earmv6hf".
1.109 gdt 68: - RPI0 uses "earmv6hf".
69: - RPI0W uses "earmv6hf".
1.101 gdt 70: - RPI2 uses "earmv7hf".
1.113 gdt 71: - RPI2-1.2 uses "earmv7hf" or "aarch64" (armv8 CPU hardware)
72: - RPI3 uses "earmv7hf" or "aarch64" (armv8 CPU hardware)
1.127 ! gdt 73: - RPI4 \todo
1.57 gdt 74:
1.101 gdt 75: Note that one can run a build of earmv6hf on the 2 and 3. There will still be a kernel7, built to use the 2/3 hardware, but with the armv6 instruction set.
1.96 gdt 76:
1.127 ! gdt 77: In theory the code compiled for earmv7hf will be faster, but anecdotal experience is that it doesn't matter that much. \todo Post a link to a quality benchmark.
1.97 gdt 78:
1.101 gdt 79: While the evbarm port has "eb" variants (for big-endian mode), the RPI systems do not support eb and these variants will not work. Systems built with older CPU architectures (earm, earmv4, earmv5) are not expected to work on RPI.
1.96 gdt 80:
1.113 gdt 81: The RPI2-1.2 and RPI3 have an armv8 CPU that supports aarch64 (64-bit
82: mode) in addition to aarch32 (regular 32-bit ARM). This is supported,
1.127 ! gdt 83: from 9 onwards, by the "aarch64" MACHINE_ARCH of evbarm, also
1.123 gdt 84: available in build.sh via the alias evbarm64. This is also
1.113 gdt 85: referred to as [[NetBSD/aarch64|aarch64]].
1.70 gdt 86:
1.7 wiki 87: # Installation
1.53 gdt 88:
1.62 gdt 89: ## SD card structure
90:
1.86 gdt 91: The Raspberry Pi looks for firmware and kernel.img on the first FAT32 MBR partition of the uSD card. A separate kernel (kernel7.img) is used on RPI2 and RPI3.
92: The NetBSD kernel will then find NetBSD MBR partition and within that the root disklabel partition, and use that FFS partition as the root filesystem.
1.62 gdt 93:
1.86 gdt 94: A 2 GB card is the smallest workable size, and the installation image will fit. After the first boot, the system resizes the NetBSD root partition to fill the card. Note that swap is after /boot and before /, and not contained in the NetBSD fdisk partition. However, if you don't try to change the partition structure, this should not cause you any trouble.
1.63 gdt 95:
1.91 gdt 96: Note that SD cards generally have limited write tolerance, so you may wish to disable atime updates via the noatime option, as is done by the default installation.
97:
1.62 gdt 98: ## Choosing a version
99:
1.127 ! gdt 100: First, decide if you want to install a formal release (8.0 or 9.0), a stable branch build (netbsd-8, netbsd-9), or NetBSD-current. For people who don't know how to choose among those, a recent build of netbsd-9 is probably best, with 9.0 the choice for those who value being at exactly a formal release.
1.65 gdt 101:
102: See also "ebijun's image", below, which is NetBSD-current and includes packages.
1.58 gdt 103:
104: ## Getting bits to install
105:
1.96 gdt 106: You can either build a release yourself with build.sh, or get a release from the NetBSD HTTPS/FTP servers. The bits from both sources should match, except for things like timestamps, or because the sources are from slightly different points along branches.
1.58 gdt 107:
108: ### Building yourself
109:
1.95 gdt 110: Getting sources and building a release with build.sh is not special for evbarm. However, the evbarm port has a very large number of CPU types, compared to i386 and amd64 which have one each. The standard approach is to use -m to define MACHINE and -a to define MACHINE_ARCH. build.sh supports aliases that can be passed as a MACHINE value, but denote both MACHINE and a MACHINE_ARCH. The third line uses an alias and is equal to the second, for RPI2/3. Note that the aliases start with "evb" while the MACHINE_ARCH values do not, and that aliases have "-el" or "-eb", while the MACHINE_ARCH values have no suffix or "eb".
1.66 gdt 111:
1.59 gdt 112: - ./build.sh -m evbarm -a earmv6hf -u release
113: - ./build.sh -m evbarm -a earmv7hf -u release
1.95 gdt 114: - ./build.sh -m evbearmv7hf-el -u release
1.81 gdt 115:
1.94 gdt 116: Consider setting RELEASEMACHINEDIR if you wish to build multiple MACHINE_ARCH values for a MACHINE; see build.sh. Use something like "evbarm-earmv7hf", so that 1) earvm6 and earmv7 don't collide and 2) anita will recognize it as a type of evbarm.
1.58 gdt 117:
1.85 gdt 118: ### NetBSD autobuild HTTPS/FTP servers
1.58 gdt 119:
1.115 sevan 120: NetBSD provides nightly builds on [nycdn.netbsd.org](https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/). The next directory level is the branch being built (netbsd-7, netbsd-8, HEAD, and more), plus optionally things like compiler type. It is followed by date/time, e.g. "HEAD/201811051650Z"; once a build is complete the symlink "latest" is adjusted to point to it. The next level is "${MACHINE}-${MACHINE_ARCH}", e.g. "evbarm-earmv7hf", and multiple combinations are provided.
1.58 gdt 121:
1.115 sevan 122: An example URL, arguably the standard approach for first-time NetBSD/RPI users, is https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/netbsd-8/latest/evbarm-earmv7hf/binary/gzimg/
1.95 gdt 123:
124: ### release layout
125:
1.96 gdt 126: Once you get to the releasedir, self-built and autobuild releases have the same structure.
127:
1.85 gdt 128: - The 'evbarm-earmv6hf/binary/gzimg/' directory contains an rpi.img file that will run on any of the RPI boards.
1.103 gdt 129: - The 'evbarm-earmv7hf/binary/gzimg/' directory contains an armv7.img file that uses the armv7 instruction set, and thus can run only on the RPI2 and RPI3 (and perhaps the CM3). It also supports systems other than the RPI family.
1.85 gdt 130:
1.95 gdt 131: \todo Explain why there is no armv7_inst.gz.
1.58 gdt 132:
1.65 gdt 133: ## Preparing a uSD card
1.10 wiki 134:
1.107 gdt 135: Once you have rpi.img.gz (or rpi_inst for earmv6 boards), put it on a uSD card using gunzip and dd, for example:
1.14 wiki 136:
1.60 gdt 137: - gunzip rpi.img.gz
1.67 ryoon 138: - dd if=rpi.img of=/dev/disk1
1.14 wiki 139:
1.89 gdt 140: ## Console approaches
141:
142: The standard approach is to use a USB keyboard and an HDMI monitor for installation.
143:
1.58 gdt 144: ### Serial Console
145:
1.89 gdt 146: By default the rpi.img is set to use the HDMI output. If you wish to use a serial console, mount the FAT32 partition on another system and edit cmdline.txt and remove '"console=fb"'.
1.14 wiki 147:
1.127 ! gdt 148: - Most (all?) USB-to-TTL serial adapters have wires for TX, RX and ground, and not RTS/CTS or other flow control lines. Thus, your terminal program (or terminal) must be configured to not require flow control; a symptom of misconfiguration is that you see console output, but cannot type anything. If so, adjust your serial console application's flow control settings to "none". The serial port is at 115200 baud.
1.41 wiki 149:
1.127 ! gdt 150: - In Kermit, the commands are "set flow none", "set carrier-watch off", "set baud 115200", and, often on NetBSD, "set line /dev/dtyU0".
1.89 gdt 151: - In minicom, run "minicom -s" and set hardware flow control to "no".
1.41 wiki 152:
1.89 gdt 153: ### Enabling ssh for installation without any console
1.41 wiki 154:
1.89 gdt 155: If you want to enable ssh with the standard image, so that you can log in over the net without either a serial or HDMI console, you can edit the configuration of a uSD card before booting. On another computer, mount the ffs partition, place /root/.ssh/authorized_keys, uncomment PermitRootLogin in /etc/ssh/sshd_config, and comment out the rc_configure=NO in /etc/rc.conf. Besides having to find the IP address (e.g. from DHCP server logs), you will have to wait for the partition resizing and reboot.
1.65 gdt 156:
1.89 gdt 157: ### Installation with sshramdisk image
1.65 gdt 158:
1.89 gdt 159: build.sh (and hence the FTP site) also creates an image 'rpi_inst.img.gz' specifically for installation without HDMI or a serial console, when built for earmv6hf. Note that this image is much smaller and that you will need to fetch the sets over the network. To use this method, write that image to a uSD card as above, and then:
1.58 gdt 160:
1.89 gdt 161: - Connect an Ethernet cable from the RPI to a LAN with a DHCP server, and another host you can use for ssh.
162: - Power on the RPI, and wait. Watch the logs on the DHCP server, and find the IP address assigned to the RPI.
163: - Use ssh to login to the address you found with user "sysinst", and password "netbsd".
164: - When installing, ensure that you enable DHCP and ssh, so that you can log in again after the system is installed.
1.53 gdt 165:
1.107 gdt 166: The rpi_inst.img.gz image will only work for systems that use earmv6hf kernels (so not RPI2/3). See [this port-arm message](https://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-arm/2017/08/18/msg004374.html) for details.
167:
1.55 gdt 168: ## Installation via ebijun's image
169:
1.58 gdt 170: As an alternative to the standard installation images, Jun Ebihara
171: provides an install image for Raspberry Pi that includes packages. It
172: is based on NetBSD-current and is built for earmv6hf, and thus will
173: work on Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3. This image is typically updated
174: every few weeks.
1.55 gdt 175:
1.121 cnst 176: - <https://github.com/ebijun/NetBSD/blob/master/RPI/RPIimage/Image/README>
1.55 gdt 177:
1.98 gdt 178: ## Configuring 802.11
179:
180: After installation, the Ethernet will function as on any other NetBSD system; simply enable dhcpcd or configure a static address. USB WiFi devices will also function as on any other NetBSD system; in addition to dhcpcd or static, configure and enable wpa_supplicant.
181:
182: Note that the built-in WiFi in the RPI3 is not yet supported. USB WiFi interfaces (that work on NetBSD in general) should all work. In particular, the following are known to work:
183:
184: - urtwn0: Realtek (0xbda) 802.11n WLAN Adapter (0x8176), rev 2.00/2.00, addr 5, MAC/BB RTL8188CUS, RF 6052 1T1R
185:
1.90 gdt 186: ## Links
187:
188: The following pages have been published by NetBSD community members. (Note that some of them are old.)
189:
190: - https://www.cambus.net/netbsd-on-the-raspberry-pi/
191:
1.74 gdt 192: # Maintaining a system
193:
1.127 ! gdt 194: ## Booting single user
! 195:
! 196: \todo Describe how to boot single user via the serial console and via the fb console.
! 197:
1.78 gdt 198: ## vcgencmd
199:
1.80 gdt 200: The program vcgencmd, referenced in the boot section, can be found in pkgsrc/misc/raspberrypi-userland.
1.78 gdt 201:
1.53 gdt 202: ## Updating the kernel
1.46 schmonz 203:
1.42 wiki 204: - Build a new kernel, e.g. using build.sh. It will tell you where the ELF version of the kernel is, e.g.
205:
206: ...
207: Kernels built from RPI2:
208: /Users/feyrer/work/NetBSD/cvs/src-current/obj.evbarm-Darwin-XXX/sys/arch/evbarm/compile/RPI2/netbsd
209: ...
210:
1.69 rin 211: - Besides the "netbsd" kernel in ELF format, there is also a "netbsd.img" (for current) or "netbsd.bin" (for 7 and 8) kernel that is in a format that the Raspberry can boot.
1.48 sevan 212: - Depending on your hardware version, copy this either to /boot/kernel.img (First generation Pi, Pi Zero hardware) or to /boot/kernel7.img (Pi 2, Pi 3 hardware)
1.42 wiki 213: - reboot
214:
1.127 ! gdt 215: \todo Explain if updating firmware is necessary when e.g. moving from 8 to 9, or 9 to current.
! 216:
1.73 gdt 217: ## Updating the firmware
218:
219: A section below describes the process of updating NetBSD's copy of the firmware from upstream, with testing, by NetBSD developers. This section is about updating a system's firmware from the firmware in a version of NetBSD.
220:
1.127 ! gdt 221: \todo Explain where the firmware is in the source tree, and note that it is not in the installed system image (such as /usr/mdec). Explain how to update a system (presumably /boot) from either an installed system's new firmware files, or the source tree. Explain any particular cautions.
1.101 gdt 222:
1.99 gdt 223: \todo Explain if using updated firmware from one branch (e.g. netbsd-current) on a system using a different branch (e.g. netbsd-8) is safe. Explain if pullups are done to release branches with new firmware.
224:
1.75 gdt 225: ## Booting
226:
1.79 gdt 227: The device boots by finding a file "bootcode.bin". The primary location is a FAT32 partition on the uSD card, and an additional location is on a USB drive. See the [upstream documentation on booting](https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/bootmodes/) and read all the subpages.
1.75 gdt 228:
1.112 gdt 229: The standard approach is to use a uSD card, with a fdisk partition table containing a FAT32 partition marked active, and a NetBSD partition. The NetBSD partition will then contain a disklabel, pointing to an FFS partition (a), a swap partition (b) and the FAT32 boot partition mounted as /boot (e). The file /boot/cmdline.txt has a line to set the root partition.
1.75 gdt 230:
1.112 gdt 231: One wrinkle in the standard approach is that the disk layout is "boot swap /", but the NetBSD fdisk partition starts at the location of /, so the swap partition is not within the NetBSD fdisk partition. The / partition can hold a disklabel, while swap cannot. It is normal to have swap after / (and thus within the fdisk partition), but the arrangement used permits growing / on first boot, for the typical case where a larger uSD is used, compared to the minimum image size.
1.75 gdt 232:
1.77 gdt 233: An alternate approach is to have the boot FAT32 partition as above, but to have the entire system including root on an external disk. This is configured by changing root=ld0a to root=sd0a or root=dk0 (depending on disklabel/GPT). Besides greater space, part of the point is to avoid writing to the uSD card.
1.75 gdt 234:
1.80 gdt 235: A third approach, workable on the Pi 3 only, is to configure USB host booting (already enableed on the 3+; see the upstream documentation) and have the boot partition also on the external device. In this case the external device must have an MBR because the hardware's first-stage boot does not have GPT support. In theory the [procedure to program USB host boot mode](https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/bootmodes/msd.md) will function on a NetBSD system because the programming is done by bootcode.bin.
236: \todo Confirm that putting program_usb_boot_mode=1 in config.txt and booting works to program the OTP bit. Confirm that one can then boot NetBSD from external USB.
1.75 gdt 237:
1.101 gdt 238: There is no well-defined USB enumeration order, so the preferred approach if one has multiple USB mass storage devices is to use named wedges in both fstab and cmdline.txt.
1.75 gdt 239:
1.113 gdt 240: ## Split-mode aarch32/aarch64
241:
242: \todo Verify this, and add any necessary cautions about boot code.
243:
244: The aarch64 kernel can run aarch32 binaries, so one can boot a aarch64 kernel on a system with aarch32 userland.
245:
1.93 gdt 246: # X11 and GPU
247:
1.27 wiki 248: ## Video playback
1.29 wiki 249: Accelerated video playback is supported in NetBSD 7 with the [OMXPlayer](http://pkgsrc.se/multimedia/omxplayer) application and through GStreamer with the [omx](http://pkgsrc.se/multimedia/gst-plugins1-omx) plugin.
1.27 wiki 250:
251: ## OpenGL ES
252: Accelerated OpenGL ES is supported in NetBSD 7. The GL ES client libraries are included with the [misc/raspberrypi-userland](http://pkgsrc.se/misc/raspberrypi-userland) package.
253:
1.28 wiki 254: ## Quake 3
1.27 wiki 255: A Raspberry Pi optimized build of *ioquake3* is available in the [games/ioquake3-raspberrypi](http://pkgsrc.se/games/ioquake3-raspberrypi) package. To use it, the following additional resources are required:
256:
257: - pak0.pk3 from Quake 3 CD
1.31 snj 258: - additional pak files from the [games/ioquake3-pk3](http://pkgsrc.se/games/ioquake3-pk3) package
1.27 wiki 259: - read/write permissions on /dev/vchiq and /dev/wsmouse
260:
1.31 snj 261: Place the pak0.pk3 file in the /usr/pkg/lib/ioquake3/baseq3 directory.
1.27 wiki 262:
1.32 wiki 263: ## RetroArch / Libretro
264: Using [emulators/retroarch](http://pkgsrc.se/emulators/retroarch) it is possible to run many emulators at full speed the Raspberry Pi. Emulator cores for various gaming consoles are available in the [emulators/libretro-*](http://pkgsrc.se/search.php?so=libretro-) packages. To begin using retroarch:
265:
266: - Install [emulators/retroarch](http://pkgsrc.se/emulators/retroarch)
267: - Install the libretro core for the system you would like to emulate (lets take [emulators/libretro-gambatte](http://pkgsrc.se/emulators/libretro-gambatte), a GameBoy Color emulator, as an example).
1.118 nia 268: - Make sure your user has read and write permissions on `/dev/vchiq`.
269: - Plug in a USB HID compatible Gamepad, such as the Logitech F710 in "DirectInput" mode (set "D/X" switch to "D"). Note that since the framebuffer GL driver will not allow for keyboard input in RetroArch, you will have to copy your joypad configuration from another system.
270: - Configure retroarch by editing $HOME/.config/retroarch/retroarch.cfg:
271: video_driver = "gl"
272: input_driver = "null"
273: joypad_driver = "sdl2"
1.116 nia 274: menu_driver = "rgui"
1.32 wiki 275:
1.53 gdt 276: # Developer notes
1.50 gdt 277:
1.53 gdt 278: These notes are for people working on improvements to RPI support in NetBSD.
1.50 gdt 279:
1.72 gdt 280: ## Updating the firmware version in the NetBSD sources
1.50 gdt 281:
1.72 gdt 282: (Note that trying new firmware may result in a non-bootable system, so
283: be prepared to recover the bootable media with another system.)
1.50 gdt 284:
1.72 gdt 285: Upstream firmware releases are
286: [on GitHub](https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/releases).
287: Copy all files except `kernel*.img` into `/boot` and reboot.
288:
289: New firmware should pass all of the following tests before being committed to NetBSD.
1.50 gdt 290:
1.53 gdt 291: - Audio
292: - OMXPlayer (and [[!template id=man name="vchiq"]])
293: - Serial/framebuffer console
294: - CPU frequency scaling
1.50 gdt 295:
1.92 gdt 296: Tests should be run on all of `rpi[0123]`.
1.94 gdt 297:
298: ## Testing with anita and qemu
299:
1.111 gdt 300: See the anita section in the evbarm page.
1.94 gdt 301:
1.110 gdt 302: It is not currently known how to emulate a RPI in qemu, and therefore anita does not yet have support for this. \todo Add a command-line example to run qemu emulating some RPI model.
1.119 leot 303:
304:
305: # Misc notes
306: Miscellaneous notes about Raspberry PI.
307:
308: ## Power supply needed (or: why there is a little rainbow square in the top-right corner?)
309: Raspberry Pi devices are powered by 5V micro USB and a 2.5A (2500mA)
1.124 gdt 310: power supply is recommended. For more information please read:
1.119 leot 311:
312: <https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/faqs/#pi-power>
313:
314: Power glitches can also manifest in other ways, e.g. with an USB
315: disk plugged:
316:
317: [[!template id=programlisting text="""
318: sd0(umass0:0:0:0): generic HBA error
319: sd0: cache synchronization failed
320: """]]
321:
1.124 gdt 322: Using a recommended power supply avoid such issues.
1.119 leot 323:
324: ## Xenon death flash (Raspberry Pi 2 is camera-shy)
325: When using laser pointers or xenon flashes in cameras (or other
326: flashes of high-intensity long-wave light) against a Raspberry Pi
327: 2 the Pi can power itself off.
328: For more information please read:
329:
330: <https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/xenon-death-flash-a-free-physics-lesson/>
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