1: **Contents**
2:
3: [[!toc levels=3]]
4:
5: # Using removable media
6:
7: ## Reading data CDs with NetBSD
8:
9: Data CDs can contain anything from programs, sound files (MP3, wav), movies
10: (MP3, QuickTime) to source code, text files, etc. Before accessing these files,
11: a CD must be mounted on a directory, much like hard disks are. Just as hard
12: disks can use different filesystems (ffs, lfs, ext2fs, ...), CDs have their own
13: filesystem, *cd9660*. The NetBSD cd9660 filesystem can handle filesystems
14: without and with Rockridge and Joliet extensions.
15:
16: CD devices are named /dev/cd0a for both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI).
17:
18: With this information, we can start:
19:
20: 1. See if your system has some CD drive:
21:
22: # dmesg | grep ^cd
23: cd0 at atapibus0 drive 0: <CD-R/RW RW8040A, , 1.12> type 5 cdrom removable
24: cd0: 32-bit data port
25: cd0: drive supports PIO mode 4, DMA mode 0
26: cd0(pciide0:1:0): using PIO mode 0, DMA mode 0 (using DMA data transfers)
27:
28: We have one drive here, `cd0`. It is an IDE/ATAPI drive, as it is found on
29: atapibus0. Of course the drive (rather, its medium) is removable, i.e., you
30: can eject it. See below.
31:
32: 2. Insert a CD
33:
34: 3. Mount the CD manually:
35:
36: # mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0a /mnt
37:
38: This command shouldn't print anything. It instructs the system to mount the
39: CD found on /dev/cd0a on /mnt, using the `cd9660` filesystem. The mountpoint
40: `/mnt` must be an existing directory.
41:
42: 4. Check the contents of the CD:
43:
44: # ls /mnt
45: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps TRANS.TBL boot.catalog
46: INSTALL.more INSTALL.txt binary installation
47:
48: Everything looks fine! This is a NetBSD CD, of course. :)
49:
50: 5. Unmount the CD:
51:
52: # umount /mnt
53:
54: If the CD is still accessed (e.g. some other shell's still "cd"'d into it),
55: this will not work. If you shut down the system, the CD will be unmounted
56: automatically for you, there's nothing to worry about there.
57:
58: 6. Making an entry in /etc/fstab:
59:
60: If you don't want to type the full "mount" command each time, you can put
61: most of the values into a line in /etc/fstab:
62:
63: # Device mountpoint filesystem mount options
64: /dev/cd0a /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto
65:
66: Make sure that the mountpoint, `/cdrom` in our example, exists:
67:
68: # mkdir /cdrom
69:
70: Now you can mount the cd with the following command:
71:
72: # mount /cdrom
73:
74: Access and unmount as before.
75:
76: The CD is not mounted at boot time due to the "noauto" mount option - this
77: is useful as you'll probably not have a CD in the drive all the time. See
78: [[!template id=man name="mount" section="8"]]
79: and
80: [[!template id=man name="mount\_cd9660" section="8"]]
81: for some other useful options.
82:
83: 7. Eject the CD:
84:
85: # eject cd0
86:
87: If the CD is still mounted, it will be unmounted if possible, before being
88: ejected.
89:
90: ## Reading multi-session CDs with NetBSD
91:
92: Use
93: [[!template id=man name="mscdlabel" section="8"]]
94: to add all sessions to the CDs disklabel, and then use the appropriate device
95: node to mount the session you want. You might have to create the corresponding
96: device nodes in `/dev` manually. For example:
97:
98: # mscdlabel cd1
99: track (ctl=4) at sector 142312
100: adding as 'a'
101: track (ctl=4) at sector 0
102: adding as 'b'
103: # ls -l /dev/cd1b
104: ls: /dev/cd1b: No such file or directory
105: # cd /dev
106: # ls -l cd1*
107: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
108: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
109: # mknod cd1b b 6 9
110:
111: to create `/dev/cd1b`. Make sure you fix the permissions of any new device nodes
112: you create:
113:
114: # ls -l cd1*
115: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
116: brw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 6, 9 Mar 18 22:23 cd1b
117: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
118: # chgrp operator cd1b
119: # chmod 640 cd1b
120: # ls -l cd1*
121: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
122: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 9 Mar 18 22:24 cd1b
123: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
124:
125: Now you should be able to mount it.
126:
127: # mount /dev/cd1b /mnt
128:
129: ## Allowing normal users to access CDs
130:
131: By default, NetBSD only allows "root" to mount a filesystem. If you want any
132: user to be able to do this, perform the following steps:
133:
134: * Give groups and other the access rights to the device.
135:
136: # chmod go+rw /dev/cd0a
137:
138: * Ask NetBSD to let users mounting filesystems.
139:
140: # sysctl -w vfs.generic.usermount=1
141:
142: Note that this works for any filesystem and device, not only for CDs with a
143: ISO 9660 filesystem.
144:
145: To perform the mount operation after these commands, the user must own the mount
146: point. So, for example:
147:
148: $ cd $HOME
149: $ mkdir cdrom
150: $ mount -t cd9660 -o nodev,nosuid /dev/cd0a `pwd`/cdrom
151:
152: *Note*: The mount options `nodev` and `nosuid` are mandatory from NetBSD 4.0 on.
153: They are not necessary on NetBSD 3.x systems.
154:
155: Please also see
156: [[!template id=man name="mount" section="8"]] and
157: as an alternative the *auto mount daemon*
158: [[!template id=man name="amd" section="8"]], for
159: which example config files can be found in `/usr/share/examples/amd`.
160:
161: ## Mounting an ISO image
162:
163: Sometimes, it is interesting to mount an ISO9660 image file before you burn the
164: CD; this way, you can examine its contents or even copy files to the outside. If
165: you are a Linux user, you should know that this is done with the special *loop*
166: filesystem. NetBSD does it another way, using the *vnode* pseudo-disk.
167:
168: We will illustrate how to do this with an example. Suppose you have an ISO image
169: in your home directory, called `mycd.iso`:
170:
171: 1. Start by setting up a new vnode, "pointing" to the ISO file:
172:
173: # vnconfig -c vnd0 ~/mycd.iso
174:
175: 2. Now, mount the vnode:
176:
177: # mount -t cd9660 /dev/vnd0a /mnt
178:
179: 3. Yeah, image contents appear under `/mnt`! Go to that directory and explore
180: the image.
181:
182: 4. When you are happy, you have to umount the image:
183:
184: # umount /mnt
185:
186: 5. And at last, deconfigure the vnode:
187:
188: # vnconfig -u vnd0
189:
190: Note that these steps can also be used for any kind of file that contains a
191: filesystem, not just ISO images.
192:
193: See the [[!template id=man name="vnd" section="4"]]
194: and
195: [[!template id=man name="vnconfig" section="8"]]
196: man pages for more information.
197:
198: ## Using video CDs with NetBSD
199:
200: To play MPEG Video streams as many DVD players can play them under NetBSD, mount
201: the CD as you would do with any normal (data) CD (see [[Reading data CDs with
202: NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom]]), then use the
203: [`multimedia/xine-ui`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/xine-ui/README.html),
204: [`multimedia/mplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/mplayer/README.html)
205: or
206: [`multimedia/gmplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/gmplayer/README.html)
207: package to play the mpeg files stored on the CD.
208:
209: ## Using audio CDs with NetBSD
210:
211: There are two ways to handle audio CDs:
212:
213: 1. Tell the CD drive to play to the headphone or to a soundcard, to which
214: CDROMs are usually connected internally. Use programs like
215: [[!template id=man name="cdplay" section="1"]],
216: [`audio/xmcd`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmcd/README.html),
217: "kscd" from the
218: [`multimedia/kdemultimedia3`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/kdemultimedia3/README.html)
219: package, mixer programs like
220: [[!template id=man name="mixerctl" section="1"]],
221: [`audio/xmix`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmix/README.html),
222: [`audio/xmmix`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmmix/README.html),
223: the Curses based
224: [`audio/cam`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cam/README.html),
225: or kmix, which is part of
226: [`multimedia/kdemultimedia3`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/kdemultimedia3/README.html).
227:
228: This usually works well on both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI) CDROMs, CDRW and DVD
229: drives.
230:
231: 2. To read ("rip") audio tracks in binary form without going through
232: digital-\>analog conversion and back. There are several programs available
233: to do this:
234:
235: * For most ATAPI, SCSI and several proprietary CDROM drives, the
236: [`audio/cdparanoia`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cdparanoia/README.html)
237: package can be used. With cdparanoia the data can be saved to a file or
238: directed to standard output in WAV, AIFF, AIFF-C or raw format. Currently
239: the -g option is required by the NetBSD version of cdparanoia. A
240: hypothetical example of how to save track 2 as a WAV file is as follows:
241:
242: $ cdparanoia -g /dev/rcd0d 2 track-02.wav
243:
244: If you want to grab all files from a CD, cdparanoia's batch mode is useful:
245:
246: $ cdparanoia -g /dev/rcd0d -B
247:
248: * For ATAPI or SCSI CD-ROMs the
249: [`audio/cdd`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cdd/README.html)
250: package can be used. To extract track 2 with cdd, type:
251:
252: # cdd -t 2 `pwd`
253:
254: This will put a file called `track-02.cda` in the current directory.
255:
256: * For SCSI CD-ROMS the
257: [`audio/tosha`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/tosha/README.html)
258: package can be used. To extract track 2 with tosha, you should be able to
259: type:
260:
261: # tosha -d CD-ROM-device -t 2 -o track-02.cda
262:
263: The data can then be post-processed e.g. by encoding it into MP3 streams
264: (see [[Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio
265: CD|guide/rmmedia#create-mpeg3]]) or by writing them to CD-Rs (see [[Using a
266: CD-R writer to create audio CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr-audio]]).
267:
268: ## Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio CD
269:
270: The basic steps in creating an MPEG layer 3 (MP3) file from an audio CD (using
271: software from the [NetBSD packages
272: collection](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/)) are:
273:
274: 1. Extract (*rip*) the audio data of the CD as shown in
275: [[Using audio CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom-audio]].
276:
277: 2. Convert the CD audio format file to WAV format. You only need to perform
278: this job if your ripping program (e.g. tosha, cdd) didn't already do the job
279: for you!
280:
281: * Using the [`audio/sox`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/sox/README.html) package, type:
282:
283: $ sox -s -w -c 2 -r 44100 -t cdr track-02.cda track-02.wav
284:
285: This will convert `track-02.cda` in raw CD format to `track-02.wav` in
286: WAV format, using **s**igned 16-bit **w**ords with 2 **c**hannels at a
287: sampling **r**ate of 44100kHz.
288:
289: 3. Encode the WAV file into MP3 format.
290:
291: * Using the [`audio/bladeenc`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/bladeenc/README.html) package, type:
292:
293: $ bladeenc -128 -QUIT track-02.wav
294:
295: This will encode `track-02.wav` into `track-02.mp3` in MP3 format, using
296: a bit rate if **128**kBit/sec. The documentation for bladeenc describes
297: bit-rates in more detail.
298:
299: * Using the
300: [`audio/lame`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/lame/README.html)
301: package, type:
302:
303: $ lame -p -o -v -V 5 -h track-02.wav track-02.mp3
304:
305: You may wish to use a lower quality, depending on your taste and
306: hardware.
307:
308: The resultant MP3 file can be played with any of the
309: [`audio/gqmpeg`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/gqmpeg/README.html),
310: [`audio/maplay`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/maplay/README.html),
311: [`audio/mpg123`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/mpg123/README.html)
312: or
313: [`audio/splay`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/splay/README.html)
314: packages.
315:
316: ## Using a CD-R writer with data CDs
317:
318: The process of writing a CD consists of two steps: First, a "image" of the data
319: must be generated, which can then be written to CD-R in a second step.
320:
321: 1. Reading a pre-existing ISO image
322:
323: # dd if=/dev/rcd0a of=filename.iso bs=2k
324:
325: Alternatively, you can create a new ISO image yourself:
326:
327: 2. 2. 2.ating the ISO image
328:
329: Put all the data you want to put on CD into one directory. Next you need to
330: generate a disk-like ISO image of your data. The image stores the data in
331: the same form as they're later put on CD, using the ISO 9660 format. The
332: basic ISO9660 format only understands 8+3 filenames (max. eight letters for
333: filename, plus three more for an extension). As this is not practical for
334: Unix filenames, a so-called "Rockridge Extension" needs to be employed to
335: get longer filenames. (A different set of such extension exists in the
336: Microsoft world, to get their long filenames right; that's what's known as
337: Joliet filesystem).
338:
339: The ISO image is created using the mkisofs command, which is part of the
340: [`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
341: package.
342:
343: Example: if you have your data in /usr/tmp/data, you can generate a ISO
344: image file in /usr/tmp/data.iso with the following command:
345:
346: $ cd /usr/tmp
347: $ mkisofs -o data.iso -r data
348: Using NETBS000.GZ;1 for data/binary/kernel/netbsd.INSTALL.gz (netbsd.INSTALL_TINY.gz)
349: Using NETBS001.GZ;1 for data/binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC.gz (netbsd.GENERIC_TINY.gz)
350: 5.92% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:11 2000
351: 11.83% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:03 2000
352: 17.74% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:00 2000
353: 23.64% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:03 2000
354: ...
355: 88.64% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:27:55 2000
356: 94.53% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:27:55 2000
357: Total translation table size: 0
358: Total rockridge attributes bytes: 5395
359: Total directory bytes: 16384
360: Path table size(bytes): 110
361: Max brk space used 153c4
362: 84625 extents written (165 Mb)
363:
364: Please see the mkisofs(8) man page for other options like noting publisher
365: and preparer. The [Bootable CD ROM
366: How-To](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/bootcd.html) explains how to generate a
367: bootable CD.
368:
369: 3. Writing the ISO image to CD-R
370:
371: When you have the ISO image file, you just need to write it on a CD. This is
372: done with the "cdrecord" command from the
373: [`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
374: package. Insert a blank CD-R, and off we go:
375:
376: # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/rcd0d data.iso
377: ...
378:
379: After starting the command, 'cdrecord' shows you a lot of information about
380: your drive, the disk and the image you're about to write. It then does a 10
381: seconds countdown, which is your last chance to stop things - type \^C if
382: you want to abort. If you don't abort, the process will write the whole
383: image to the CD and return with a shell prompt.
384:
385: Note that cdrecord(8) works on both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI) drives.
386:
387: 4. Test
388:
389: Mount the just-written CD and test it as you would do with any "normal" CD,
390: see [[Reading data CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom]].
391:
392: ## Using a CD-R writer to create audio CDs
393:
394: If you want to make a backup copy of one of your audio CDs, you can do so by
395: extracting ("ripping") the audio tracks from the CD, and then writing them back
396: to a blank CD. Of course this also works fine if you only extract single tracks
397: from various CDs, creating your very own mix CD!
398:
399: The steps involved are:
400:
401: 1. Extract ("rip") the audio tracks as described as in
402: [[Using audio CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom-audio]]
403: to get a couple of .wav files.
404:
405: 2. Write the .wav files using cdrecord command from the
406: [`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
407: package:
408:
409: # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/rcd0d -audio -pad *.wav
410:
411: ## Creating an audio CD from MP3s
412:
413: If you have converted all your audio CDs to MP3 and now want to make a mixed CD
414: for your (e.g.) your car, you can do so by first converting the .mp3 files back
415: to .wav format, then write them as a normal audio CD.
416:
417: The steps involved here are:
418:
419: 1. Create .wav files from your .mp3 files:
420:
421: $ mpg123 -w foo.wav foo.mp3
422:
423: Do this for all of the MP3 files that you want to have on your audio CD. The
424: .wav filenames you use don't matter.
425:
426: 2. Write the .wav files to CD as described under [[Using a CD-R writer to
427: create audio CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr-audio]].
428:
429: ## Copying an audio CD
430:
431: To copy an audio CD while not introducing any pauses as mandated by the CDDA
432: standard, you can use cdrdao for that:
433:
434: # cdrdao read-cd --device /dev/rcd0d data.toc
435: # cdrdao write --device /dev/rcd1d data.toc
436:
437: ## Copying a data CD with two drives
438:
439: If you have both a CD-R and a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can copy a data
440: CD with the following command:
441:
442: # cdrecord dev=/dev/rcd1d /dev/rcd0d
443:
444: Here the CD-ROM (cd0) contains the CD you want to copy, and the CD-R (cd1)
445: contains the blank disk. Note that this only works with computer disks that
446: contain some sort of data, it does *not* work with audio CDs! In practice you'll
447: also want to add something like `speed=8` to make things a bit faster.
448:
449: ## Using CD-RW rewritables
450:
451: You can treat a CD-RW drive like a CD-R drive (see [[Using a CD-R writer with
452: data CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr]]) in NetBSD, creating images with mkisofs(8) and
453: writing them on a CD-RW medium with cdrecord(8).
454:
455: If you want to blank a CD-RW, you can do this with cdrecord's `blank` option:
456:
457: # cdrecord dev=/dev/rcd0d blank=fast
458:
459: There are several other ways to blank the CD-RW, call cdrecord(8) with
460: `blank=help` for a list. See the cdrecord(8) man page for more information.
461:
462: ## DVD support
463:
464: Currently, NetBSD supports DVD media through the ISO 9660 also used for CD-ROMs.
465: The new UDF filesystem also present on DVDs has been supported since NetBSD 4.0.
466: Information about mounting ISO 9660 and UDF filesystems can be found in the
467: [[!template id=man name="mount\_cd9660" section="8"]]
468: and
469: [[!template id=man name="mount\_udf" section="8"]]
470: manual pages respectively. DVDs, DivX and many avi files be played with
471: [`multimedia/ogle`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/ogle/README.html)
472: or
473: [`multimedia/gmplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/gmplayer/README.html).
474:
475: For some hints on creating DVDs, see this [postings about
476: growisofs](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/current-users/2004/01/06/0021.html) and
477: [this article about recording CDs and DVDs with
478: NetBSD](http://www.mreriksson.net/blog/archive/15/).
479:
480: ## Creating ISO images from a CD
481:
482: To create an ISO image and save the checksum do this:
483:
484: # readcd dev=/dev/cd0d f=/tmp/cd.iso
485:
486: Here is an alternative using dd(1):
487:
488: # dd if=/dev/cd0d of=/tmp/cd.iso bs=2048
489:
490: If the CD has errors you can recover the rest with this:
491:
492: # dd if=/dev/cd0d of=/tmp/cd.iso bs=2048 conv=noerror
493:
494: To create an ISO image from a mounted data CD first, mount the CD disk by:
495:
496: # mount -t cd9660 -r /dev/cd0d /mnt/cdrom
497:
498: Second, get the image:
499:
500: # mkhybrid -v -l -J -R -o /tmp/my_cd.iso /mnt/cdrom/
501:
502: ## Getting volume information from CDs and ISO images
503:
504: You can read the volume data from an unmounted CD with this command:
505:
506: # file -s /dev/cd0d
507:
508: You can read the volume data from an ISO image with this command:
509:
510: # isoinfo -d -i /tmp/my_cd.iso
511:
512: You can get the unique disk number from an unmounted CD with this:
513:
514: # cd-discid /dev/cd0d
515:
516: You can read the table of contents of an unmounted CD with this command:
517:
518: # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cd0d -toc
519:
520: ## Initializing and using floppy disks
521:
522: PC-style floppy disks work mostly like other disk devices like hard disks,
523: except that you need to low-level format them first. To use an common 1440 KB
524: floppy in the first floppy drive, first (as root) format it:
525:
526: # fdformat -f /dev/rfd0a
527:
528: Then create a single partition on the disk using
529: [[!template id=man name="disklabel" section="8"]]:
530:
531: # disklabel -rw /dev/rfd0a floppy3
532:
533: Creating a small filesystem optimized for space:
534:
535: # newfs -m 0 -o space -i 16384 -c 80 /dev/rfd0a
536:
537: Now the floppy disk can be mounted like any other disk. Or if you already have a
538: floppy disk with an MS-DOS filesystem on it that you just want to access from
539: NetBSD, you can just do something like this:
540:
541: # mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt
542:
543: However, rather than using floppies like normal (bigger) disks, it is often more
544: convenient to bypass the filesystem altogether and just splat an archive of
545: files directly to the raw device. E.g.:
546:
547: # tar cvfz /dev/rfd0a file1 file2 ...
548:
549: A variation of this can also be done with MS-DOS floppies using the
550: [`sysutils/mtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/mtools/README.html)
551: package which has the benefit of not going through the kernel buffer cache and
552: thus not being exposed to the danger of the floppy being removed while a
553: filesystem is mounted on it.
554:
CVSweb for NetBSD wikisrc <wikimaster@NetBSD.org> software: FreeBSD-CVSweb
![[BACK]](/icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
Return to rmmedia.mdwn CVS log ![[TXT]](/icons/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/icons/dir.gif){kind=icon}
Up to [NetBSD Developer Wiki] / wikisrc / guide