1: # Using removable media
2:
3: ## Reading data CDs with NetBSD
4:
5: Data CDs can contain anything from programs, sound files (MP3, wav), movies
6: (MP3, QuickTime) to source code, text files, etc. Before accessing these files,
7: a CD must be mounted on a directory, much like hard disks are. Just as hard
8: disks can use different filesystems (ffs, lfs, ext2fs, ...), CDs have their own
9: filesystem, *cd9660*. The NetBSD cd9660 filesystem can handle filesystems
10: without and with Rockridge and Joliet extensions.
11:
12: CD devices are named /dev/cd0a for both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI).
13:
14: With this information, we can start:
15:
16: 1. See if your system has some CD drive:
17:
18: # dmesg | grep ^cd
19: cd0 at atapibus0 drive 0: <CD-R/RW RW8040A, , 1.12> type 5 cdrom removable
20: cd0: 32-bit data port
21: cd0: drive supports PIO mode 4, DMA mode 0
22: cd0(pciide0:1:0): using PIO mode 0, DMA mode 0 (using DMA data transfers)
23:
24: We have one drive here, "cd0". It is an IDE/ATAPI drive, as it is found on
25: atapibus0. Of course the drive (rather, its medium) is removable, i.e., you
26: can eject it. See below.
27:
28: 2. Insert a CD
29:
30: 3. Mount the CD manually:
31:
32: # mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0a /mnt
33:
34: This command shouldn't print anything. It instructs the system to mount the
35: CD found on /dev/cd0a on /mnt, using the "cd9660" filesystem. The mountpoint
36: "/mnt" must be an existing directory.
37:
38: 4. Check the contents of the CD:
39:
40: # ls /mnt
41: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps TRANS.TBL boot.catalog
42: INSTALL.more INSTALL.txt binary installation
43:
44: Everything looks fine! This is a NetBSD CD, of course. :)
45:
46: 5. Unmount the CD:
47:
48: # umount /mnt
49:
50: If the CD is still accessed (e.g. some other shell's still "cd"'d into it),
51: this will not work. If you shut down the system, the CD will be unmounted
52: automatically for you, there's nothing to worry about there.
53:
54: 6. Making an entry in /etc/fstab:
55:
56: If you don't want to type the full "mount" command each time, you can put
57: most of the values into a line in /etc/fstab:
58:
59: # Device mountpoint filesystem mount options
60: /dev/cd0a /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto
61:
62: Make sure that the mountpoint, `/cdrom` in our example, exists:
63:
64: # mkdir /cdrom
65:
66: Now you can mount the cd with the following command:
67:
68: # mount /cdrom
69:
70: Access and unmount as before.
71:
72: The CD is not mounted at boot time due to the "noauto" mount option - this
73: is useful as you'll probably not have a CD in the drive all the time. See
74: [mount(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
75: and
76: [mount\_cd9660(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount_cd9660+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
77: for some other useful options.
78:
79: 7. Eject the CD:
80:
81: # eject cd0
82:
83: If the CD is still mounted, it will be unmounted if possible, before being
84: ejected.
85:
86: ## Reading multi-session CDs with NetBSD
87:
88: Use
89: [mscdlabel(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mscdlabel+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
90: to add all sessions to the CDs disklabel, and then use the appropriate device
91: node to mount the session you want. You might have to create the corresponding
92: device nodes in `/dev` manually. For example:
93:
94: # mscdlabel cd1
95: track (ctl=4) at sector 142312
96: adding as 'a'
97: track (ctl=4) at sector 0
98: adding as 'b'
99: # ls -l /dev/cd1b
100: ls: /dev/cd1b: No such file or directory
101: # cd /dev
102: # ls -l cd1*
103: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
104: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
105: # mknod cd1b b 6 9
106:
107: to create `/dev/cd1b`. Make sure you fix the permissions of any new device nodes
108: you create:
109:
110: # ls -l cd1*
111: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
112: brw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 6, 9 Mar 18 22:23 cd1b
113: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
114: # chgrp operator cd1b
115: # chmod 640 cd1b
116: # ls -l cd1*
117: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
118: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 9 Mar 18 22:24 cd1b
119: brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
120:
121: Now you should be able to mount it.
122:
123: # mount /dev/cd1b /mnt
124:
125: ## Allowing normal users to access CDs
126:
127: By default, NetBSD only allows "root" to mount a filesystem. If you want any
128: user to be able to do this, perform the following steps:
129:
130: * Give groups and other the access rights to the device.
131:
132: # chmod go+rw /dev/cd0a
133:
134: * Ask NetBSD to let users mounting filesystems.
135:
136: # sysctl -w vfs.generic.usermount=1
137:
138: Note that this works for any filesystem and device, not only for CDs with a
139: ISO 9660 filesystem.
140:
141: To perform the mount operation after these commands, the user must own the mount
142: point. So, for example:
143:
144: $ cd $HOME
145: $ mkdir cdrom
146: $ mount -t cd9660 -o nodev,nosuid /dev/cd0a `pwd`/cdrom
147:
148: *Note*: The mount options `nodev` and `nosuid` are mandatory from NetBSD 4.0 on.
149: They are not necessary on NetBSD 3.x systems.
150:
151: Please also see
152: [mount(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386) and
153: as an alternative the *auto mount daemon*
154: [amd(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?amd+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386), for
155: which example config files can be found in `/usr/share/examples/amd`.
156:
157: ## Mounting an ISO image
158:
159: Sometimes, it is interesting to mount an ISO9660 image file before you burn the
160: CD; this way, you can examine its contents or even copy files to the outside. If
161: you are a Linux user, you should know that this is done with the special *loop*
162: filesystem. NetBSD does it another way, using the *vnode* pseudo-disk.
163:
164: We will illustrate how to do this with an example. Suppose you have an ISO image
165: in your home directory, called `mycd.iso`:
166:
167: 1. Start by setting up a new vnode, "pointing" to the ISO file:
168:
169: # vnconfig -c vnd0 ~/mycd.iso
170:
171: 2. Now, mount the vnode:
172:
173: # mount -t cd9660 /dev/vnd0a /mnt
174:
175: 3. Yeah, image contents appear under `/mnt`! Go to that directory and explore
176: the image.
177:
178: 4. When you are happy, you have to umount the image:
179:
180: # umount /mnt
181:
182: 5. And at last, deconfigure the vnode:
183:
184: # vnconfig -u vnd0
185:
186: Note that these steps can also be used for any kind of file that contains a
187: filesystem, not just ISO images.
188:
189: See the [vnd(4)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?vnd+4+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
190: and
191: [vnconfig(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?vnconfig+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
192: man pages for more information.
193:
194: ## Using video CDs with NetBSD
195:
196: To play MPEG Video streams as many DVD players can play them under NetBSD, mount
197: the CD as you would do with any normal (data) CD (see [[Reading data CDs with
198: NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom]]), then use the
199: [`multimedia/xine-ui`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/xine-ui/README.html),
200: [`multimedia/mplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/mplayer/README.html)
201: or
202: [`multimedia/gmplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/gmplayer/README.html)
203: package to play the mpeg files stored on the CD.
204:
205: ## Using audio CDs with NetBSD
206:
207: There are two ways to handle audio CDs:
208:
209: 1. Tell the CD drive to play to the headphone or to a soundcard, to which
210: CDROMs are usually connected internally. Use programs like
211: [cdplay(1)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?cdplay+1+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386),
212: [`audio/xmcd`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmcd/README.html),
213: "kscd" from the
214: [`multimedia/kdemultimedia3`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/kdemultimedia3/README.html)
215: package, mixer programs like
216: [mixerctl(1)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mixerctl+1+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386),
217: [`audio/xmix`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmix/README.html),
218: [`audio/xmmix`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmmix/README.html),
219: the Curses based
220: [`audio/cam`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cam/README.html),
221: or kmix, which is part of
222: [`multimedia/kdemultimedia3`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/kdemultimedia3/README.html).
223:
224: This usually works well on both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI) CDROMs, CDRW and DVD
225: drives.
226:
227: 2. To read ("rip") audio tracks in binary form without going through
228: digital-\>analog conversion and back. There are several programs available
229: to do this:
230:
231: * For most ATAPI, SCSI and several proprietary CDROM drives, the
232: [`audio/cdparanoia`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cdparanoia/README.html)
233: package can be used. With cdparanoia the data can be saved to a file or
234: directed to standard output in WAV, AIFF, AIFF-C or raw format. Currently
235: the -g option is required by the NetBSD version of cdparanoia. A
236: hypothetical example of how to save track 2 as a WAV file is as follows:
237:
238: $ cdparanoia -g /dev/rcd0d 2 track-02.wav
239:
240: If you want to grab all files from a CD, cdparanoia's batch mode is useful:
241:
242: $ cdparanoia -g /dev/rcd0d -B
243:
244: * For ATAPI or SCSI CD-ROMs the
245: [`audio/cdd`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cdd/README.html)
246: package can be used. To extract track 2 with cdd, type:
247:
248: # cdd -t 2 `pwd`
249:
250: This will put a file called `track-02.cda` in the current directory.
251:
252: * For SCSI CD-ROMS the
253: [`audio/tosha`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/tosha/README.html)
254: package can be used. To extract track 2 with tosha, you should be able to
255: type:
256:
257: # tosha -d CD-ROM-device -t 2 -o track-02.cda
258:
259: The data can then be post-processed e.g. by encoding it into MP3 streams
260: (see [[Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio
261: CD|guide/rmmedia#create-mpeg3]]) or by writing them to CD-Rs (see [[Using a
262: CD-R writer to create audio CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr-audio]]).
263:
264: ## Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio CD
265:
266: The basic steps in creating an MPEG layer 3 (MP3) file from an audio CD (using
267: software from the [NetBSD packages
268: collection](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/)) are:
269:
270: 1. Extract (*rip*) the audio data of the CD as shown in
271: [[Using audio CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom-audio]].
272:
273: 2. Convert the CD audio format file to WAV format. You only need to perform
274: this job if your ripping program (e.g. tosha, cdd) didn't already do the job
275: for you!
276:
277: * Using the [`audio/sox`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/sox/README.html) package, type:
278:
279: $ sox -s -w -c 2 -r 44100 -t cdr track-02.cda track-02.wav
280:
281: This will convert `track-02.cda` in raw CD format to `track-02.wav` in
282: WAV format, using **s**igned 16-bit **w**ords with 2 **c**hannels at a
283: sampling **r**ate of 44100kHz.
284:
285: 3. Encode the WAV file into MP3 format.
286:
287: * Using the [`audio/bladeenc`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/bladeenc/README.html) package, type:
288:
289: $ bladeenc -128 -QUIT track-02.wav
290:
291: This will encode `track-02.wav` into `track-02.mp3` in MP3 format, using
292: a bit rate if **128**kBit/sec. The documentation for bladeenc describes
293: bit-rates in more detail.
294:
295: * Using the
296: [`audio/lame`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/lame/README.html)
297: package, type:
298:
299: $ lame -p -o -v -V 5 -h track-02.wav track-02.mp3
300:
301: You may wish to use a lower quality, depending on your taste and
302: hardware.
303:
304: The resultant MP3 file can be played with any of the
305: [`audio/gqmpeg`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/gqmpeg/README.html),
306: [`audio/maplay`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/maplay/README.html),
307: [`audio/mpg123`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/mpg123/README.html)
308: or
309: [`audio/splay`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/splay/README.html)
310: packages.
311:
312: ## Using a CD-R writer with data CDs
313:
314: The process of writing a CD consists of two steps: First, a "image" of the data
315: must be generated, which can then be written to CD-R in a second step.
316:
317: 1. Reading an pre-existing ISO image
318:
319: # dd if=/dev/rcd0a of=filename.iso bs=2k
320:
321: Alternatively, you can create a new ISO image yourself:
322:
323: 2. 2. 2.ating the ISO image
324:
325: Put all the data you want to put on CD into one directory. Next you need to
326: generate a disk-like ISO image of your data. The image stores the data in
327: the same form as they're later put on CD, using the ISO 9660 format. The
328: basic ISO9660 format only understands 8+3 filenames (max. eight letters for
329: filename, plus three more for an extension). As this is not practical for
330: Unix filenames, a so-called "Rockridge Extension" needs to be employed to
331: get longer filenames. (A different set of such extension exists in the
332: Microsoft world, to get their long filenames right; that's what's known as
333: Joliet filesystem).
334:
335: The ISO image is created using the mkisofs command, which is part of the
336: [`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
337: package.
338:
339: Example: if you have your data in /usr/tmp/data, you can generate a ISO
340: image file in /usr/tmp/data.iso with the following command:
341:
342: $ cd /usr/tmp
343: $ mkisofs -o data.iso -r data
344: Using NETBS000.GZ;1 for data/binary/kernel/netbsd.INSTALL.gz (netbsd.INSTALL_TINY.gz)
345: Using NETBS001.GZ;1 for data/binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC.gz (netbsd.GENERIC_TINY.gz)
346: 5.92% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:11 2000
347: 11.83% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:03 2000
348: 17.74% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:00 2000
349: 23.64% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:03 2000
350: ...
351: 88.64% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:27:55 2000
352: 94.53% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:27:55 2000
353: Total translation table size: 0
354: Total rockridge attributes bytes: 5395
355: Total directory bytes: 16384
356: Path table size(bytes): 110
357: Max brk space used 153c4
358: 84625 extents written (165 Mb)
359:
360: Please see the mkisofs(8) man page for other options like noting publisher
361: and preparer. The [Bootable CD ROM
362: How-To](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/bootcd.html) explains how to generate a
363: bootable CD.
364:
365: 3. Writing the ISO image to CD-R
366:
367: When you have the ISO image file, you just need to write it on a CD. This is
368: done with the "cdrecord" command from the
369: [`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
370: package. Insert a blank CD-R, and off we go:
371:
372: # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/rcd0d data.iso
373: ...
374:
375: After starting the command, 'cdrecord' shows you a lot of information about
376: your drive, the disk and the image you're about to write. It then does a 10
377: seconds countdown, which is your last chance to stop things - type \^C if
378: you want to abort. If you don't abort, the process will write the whole
379: image to the CD and return with a shell prompt.
380:
381: Note that cdrecord(8) works on both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI) drives.
382:
383: 4. Test
384:
385: Mount the just-written CD and test it as you would do with any "normal" CD,
386: see [[Reading data CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom]].
387:
388: ## Using a CD-R writer to create audio CDs
389:
390: If you want to make a backup copy of one of your audio CDs, you can do so by
391: extracting ("ripping") the audio tracks from the CD, and then writing them back
392: to a blank CD. Of course this also works fine if you only extract single tracks
393: from various CDs, creating your very own mix CD!
394:
395: The steps involved are:
396:
397: 1. Extract ("rip") the audio tracks as described as in
398: [[Using audio CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom-audio]]
399: to get a couple of .wav files.
400:
401: 2. Write the .wav files using cdrecord command from the
402: [`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
403: package:
404:
405: # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/rcd0d -audio -pad *.wav
406:
407: ## Creating an audio CD from MP3s
408:
409: If you have converted all your audio CDs to MP3 and now want to make a mixed CD
410: for your (e.g.) your car, you can do so by first converting the .mp3 files back
411: to .wav format, then write them as a normal audio CD.
412:
413: The steps involved here are:
414:
415: 1. Create .wav files from your .mp3 files:
416:
417: $ mpg123 -w foo.wav foo.mp3
418:
419: Do this for all of the MP3 files that you want to have on your audio CD. The
420: .wav filenames you use don't matter.
421:
422: 2. Write the .wav files to CD as described under [[Using a CD-R writer to
423: create audio CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr-audio]].
424:
425: ## Copying an audio CD
426:
427: To copy an audio CD while not introducing any pauses as mandated by the CDDA
428: standard, you can use cdrdao for that:
429:
430: # cdrdao read-cd --device /dev/rcd0d data.toc
431: # cdrdao write --device /dev/rcd1d data.toc
432:
433: ## Copying a data CD with two drives
434:
435: If you have both a CD-R and a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can copy a data
436: CD with the following command:
437:
438: # cdrecord dev=/dev/rcd1d /dev/rcd0d
439:
440: Here the CD-ROM (cd0) contains the CD you want to copy, and the CD-R (cd1)
441: contains the blank disk. Note that this only works with computer disks that
442: contain some sort of data, it does *not* work with audio CDs! In practice you'll
443: also want to add something like `speed=8` to make things a bit faster.
444:
445: ## Using CD-RW rewritables
446:
447: You can treat a CD-RW drive like a CD-R drive (see [[Using a CD-R writer with
448: data CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr]]) in NetBSD, creating images with mkisofs(8) and
449: writing them on a CD-RW medium with cdrecord(8).
450:
451: If you want to blank a CD-RW, you can do this with cdrecord's `blank` option:
452:
453: # cdrecord dev=/dev/rcd0d blank=fast
454:
455: There are several other ways to blank the CD-RW, call cdrecord(8) with
456: `blank=help` for a list. See the cdrecord(8) man page for more information.
457:
458: ## DVD support
459:
460: Currently, NetBSD supports DVD media through the ISO 9660 also used for CD-ROMs.
461: The new UDF filesystem also present on DVDs has been supported since NetBSD 4.0.
462: Information about mounting ISO 9660 and UDF filesystems can be found in the
463: [mount\_cd9660(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount_cd9660+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
464: and
465: [mount\_udf(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount_udf+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
466: manual pages respectively. DVDs, DivX and many avi files be played with
467: [`multimedia/ogle`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/ogle/README.html)
468: or
469: [`multimedia/gmplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/gmplayer/README.html).
470:
471: For some hints on creating DVDs, see this [postings about
472: growisofs](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/current-users/2004/01/06/0021.html) and
473: [this article about recording CDs and DVDs with
474: NetBSD](http://www.mreriksson.net/blog/archive/15/).
475:
476: ## Creating ISO images from a CD
477:
478: To create an ISO image and save the checksum do this:
479:
480: # readcd dev=/dev/cd0d f=/tmp/cd.iso
481:
482: Here is an alternative using dd(1):
483:
484: # dd if=/dev/cd0d of=/tmp/cd.iso bs=2048
485:
486: If the CD has errors you can recover the rest with this:
487:
488: # dd if=/dev/cd0d of=/tmp/cd.iso bs=2048 conv=noerror
489:
490: To create an ISO image from a mounted data CD first, mount the CD disk by:
491:
492: # mount -t cd9660 -r /dev/cd0d /mnt/cdrom
493:
494: Second, get the image:
495:
496: # mkhybrid -v -l -J -R -o /tmp/my_cd.iso /mnt/cdrom/
497:
498: ## Getting volume information from CDs and ISO images
499:
500: You can read the volume data from an unmounted CD with this command:
501:
502: # file -s /dev/cd0d
503:
504: You can read the volume data from an ISO image with this command:
505:
506: # isoinfo -d -i /tmp/my_cd.iso
507:
508: You can get the unique disk number from an unmounted CD with this:
509:
510: # cd-discid /dev/cd0d
511:
512: You can read the table of contents of an unmounted CD with this command:
513:
514: # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cd0d -toc
515:
516: ## Initializing and using floppy disks
517:
518: PC-style floppy disks work mostly like other disk devices like hard disks,
519: except that you need to low-level format them first. To use an common 1440 KB
520: floppy in the first floppy drive, first (as root) format it:
521:
522: # fdformat -f /dev/rfd0a
523:
524: Then create a single partition on the disk using
525: [disklabel(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?disklabel+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386):
526:
527: # disklabel -rw /dev/rfd0a floppy3
528:
529: Creating a small filesystem optimized for space:
530:
531: # newfs -m 0 -o space -i 16384 -c 80 /dev/rfd0a
532:
533: Now the floppy disk can be mounted like any other disk. Or if you already have a
534: floppy disk with an MS-DOS filesystem on it that you just want to access from
535: NetBSD, you can just do something like this:
536:
537: # mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt
538:
539: However, rather than using floppies like normal (bigger) disks, it is often more
540: convenient to bypass the filesystem altogether and just splat an archive of
541: files directly to the raw device. E.g.:
542:
543: # tar cvfz /dev/rfd0a file1 file2 ...
544:
545: A variation of this can also be done with MS-DOS floppies using the
546: [`sysutils/mtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/mtools/README.html)
547: package which has the benefit of not going through the kernel buffer cache and
548: thus not being exposed to the danger of the floppy being removed while a
549: filesystem is mounted on it.
550:
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