|
version 1.1, 2013/03/05 22:57:52
|
version 1.4, 2015/06/19 19:18:31
|
|
Line 1
|
Line 1
|
| |
**Contents** |
| |
|
| |
[[!toc levels=3]] |
| |
|
| # Miscellaneous operations |
# Miscellaneous operations |
| |
|
| This chapter collects various topics, in sparse order |
This chapter collects various topics, in sparse order |
|
Line 6 This chapter collects various topics, in
|
Line 10 This chapter collects various topics, in
|
| |
|
| ### fdisk |
### fdisk |
| |
|
| Sysinst, the NetBSD installation program, usually installs the NetBSD boot |
Sysinst, the NetBSD installation program, usually installs the NetBSD boot |
| manager on the hard disk. The boot manager can also be installed or reconfigured |
manager on the hard disk. The boot manager can also be installed or reconfigured |
| at a later time, if needed, with the |
at a later time, if needed, with the |
| [fdisk(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?fdisk+8+NetBSD-current) |
[[!template id=man name="fdisk" section="8"]] |
| command. For example: |
command. For example: |
| |
|
| # fdisk -B wd0 |
# fdisk -B wd0 |
| |
|
| If NetBSD doesn't boot from the hard disk, you can boot it from the installation |
If NetBSD doesn't boot from the hard disk, you can boot it from the installation |
| floppy and start the kernel on the hard disk. Insert the installation disk and, |
floppy and start the kernel on the hard disk. Insert the installation disk and, |
| at the boot prompt, give the following command: |
at the boot prompt, give the following command: |
| |
|
| > boot wd0a:netbsd |
> boot wd0a:netbsd |
| |
|
| This boots the kernel on the hard disk (use the correct device, for example sd0a |
This boots the kernel on the hard disk (use the correct device, for example sd0a |
| for a SCSI disk). |
for a SCSI disk). |
| |
|
| *Note*: Sometimes `fdisk -B` doesn't give the expected result (at least it |
*Note*: Sometimes `fdisk -B` doesn't give the expected result (at least it |
| happened to me), probably if you install/remove other operating systems like |
happened to me), probably if you install/remove other operating systems like |
| Windows 95 or Linux with LILO. In this case, try running `fdisk -i` (which is |
Windows 95 or Linux with LILO. In this case, try running `fdisk -i` (which is |
| known as `fdisk /mbr` from DOS) and then run again `fdisk` from NetBSD. |
known as `fdisk /mbr` from DOS) and then run again `fdisk` from NetBSD. |
| |
|
| ### installboot |
### installboot |
| |
|
| There is another tool for installing a bootloader, named |
There is another tool for installing a bootloader, named |
| [installboot(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?installboot+8+NetBSD-current). |
[[!template id=man name="installboot" section="8"]]. |
| Depending on the platform you are using, its usage differs, so you should read |
Depending on the platform you are using, its usage differs, so you should read |
| the manpage and its extensive *EXAMPLES* section. |
the manpage and its extensive *EXAMPLES* section. |
| |
|
| E.g., if you want to install the bootloader for a ffs filesystem to the |
E.g., if you want to install the bootloader for a ffs filesystem to the |
| partition you have your NetBSD in (in this case, `sd0c`), you would use: |
partition you have your NetBSD in (in this case, `sd0c`), you would use: |
| |
|
| installboot -v /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs |
installboot -v /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs |
| |
|
| ## Deleting the disklabel |
## Deleting the disklabel |
| |
|
| Though this is not an operation that you need to perform frequently, it can be |
Though this is not an operation that you need to perform frequently, it can be |
| useful to know how to do it in case of need. Please be sure to know exactly what |
useful to know how to do it in case of need. Please be sure to know exactly what |
| you are doing before performing this kind of operation. For example: |
you are doing before performing this kind of operation. For example: |
| |
|
| # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0c bs=8k count=1 |
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0c bs=8k count=1 |
| |
|
| The previous command deletes the disklabel (not the MBR partition table). To |
The previous command deletes the disklabel (not the MBR partition table). To |
| completely delete the disk, the whole device `rwd0d` must be used. For example: |
completely delete the disk, the whole device `rwd0d` must be used. For example: |
| |
|
| # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0d bs=8k |
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0d bs=8k |
| |
|
| The commands above will only work as expected on the i386 and amd64 ports of |
The commands above will only work as expected on the i386 and amd64 ports of |
| NetBSD. On other ports, the whole device will end in c, not d (e.g. `rwd0c`). |
NetBSD. On other ports, the whole device will end in c, not d (e.g. `rwd0c`). |
| |
|
| ## Speaker |
## Speaker |
| |
|
| I found this tip on a mailing list (I don't remember the author). To output a |
I found this tip on a mailing list (I don't remember the author). To output a |
| sound from the speaker (for example at the end of a long script) the |
sound from the speaker (for example at the end of a long script) the |
| [spkr(4)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?spkr+4+NetBSD-current) |
[[!template id=man name="spkr" section="4"]] |
| driver can be used in the kernel config, which is mapped on `/dev/speaker`. For |
driver can be used in the kernel config, which is mapped on `/dev/speaker`. For |
| example: |
example: |
| |
|
| echo 'BPBPBPBPBP' > /dev/speaker |
echo 'BPBPBPBPBP' > /dev/speaker |
| |
|
| *Note*: The `spkr` device is not enabled in the generic kernel; a customized |
*Note*: The `spkr` device is not enabled in the generic kernel; a customized |
| kernel is needed. |
kernel is needed. |
| |
|
| ## Forgot root password? |
## Forgot root password? |
|
Line 75 If you forget root's password, not all i
|
Line 79 If you forget root's password, not all i
|
| system with the following steps: boot single user, mount `/` and change root's |
system with the following steps: boot single user, mount `/` and change root's |
| password. In detail: |
password. In detail: |
| |
|
| 1. Boot single user: when the boot prompt appears and the five seconds |
1. Boot single user: when the boot prompt appears and the five seconds |
| countdown starts, give the following command: |
countdown starts, give the following command: |
| |
|
| > boot -s |
> boot -s |
|
Line 99 password. In detail:
|
Line 103 password. In detail:
|
| Changing local password for root. |
Changing local password for root. |
| New password: (not echoed) |
New password: (not echoed) |
| Retype new password: (not echoed) |
Retype new password: (not echoed) |
| # |
# |
| |
|
| 5. Exit the shell to go to multiuser mode. |
5. Exit the shell to go to multiuser mode. |
| |
|
|
Line 110 If you get the error `Password file is b
|
Line 114 If you get the error `Password file is b
|
| |
|
| ## Password file is busy? |
## Password file is busy? |
| |
|
| If you try to modify a password and you get the mysterious message `Password |
If you try to modify a password and you get the mysterious message `Password |
| file is busy, it probably means that the file `/etc/ptmp` has not been deleted |
file is busy, it probably means that the file `/etc/ptmp` has not been deleted |
| from the system. This file is a temporary copy of the `/etc/master.passwd` file; |
from the system. This file is a temporary copy of the `/etc/master.passwd` file; |
| check that you are not losing important information and then delete it: |
check that you are not losing important information and then delete it: |
| |
|
| # rm /etc/ptmp |
# rm /etc/ptmp |
| |
|
| *Note*: If the file `/etc/ptmp` exists you can also receive a warning message at |
*Note*: If the file `/etc/ptmp` exists you can also receive a warning message at |
| system startup. For example: |
system startup. For example: |
| |
|
| root: password file may be incorrect - /etc/ptmp exists |
root: password file may be incorrect - /etc/ptmp exists |
| |
|
| ## Adding a new hard disk |
## Adding a new hard disk |
| |
|
| This section describes how to add a new hard disk to an already working NetBSD |
This section describes how to add a new hard disk to an already working NetBSD |
| system. In the following example a new SCSI controller and a new hard disk, |
system. In the following example a new SCSI controller and a new hard disk, |
| connected to the controller, will be added. If you don't need to add a new |
connected to the controller, will be added. If you don't need to add a new |
| controller, skip the relevant part and go to the hard disk configuration. The |
controller, skip the relevant part and go to the hard disk configuration. The |
| installation of an IDE hard disk is identical; only the device name will be |
installation of an IDE hard disk is identical; only the device name will be |
| different (`wd#` instead of `sd#`). |
different (`wd#` instead of `sd#`). |
| |
|
| As always, before buying new hardware, consult the hardware compatibility list |
As always, before buying new hardware, consult the hardware compatibility list |
| of NetBSD or ask on a mailing list to make sure the new device is supported by |
of NetBSD or ask on a mailing list to make sure the new device is supported by |
| NetBSD. |
NetBSD. |
| |
|
| When the SCSI controller has been physically installed in the system and the new |
When the SCSI controller has been physically installed in the system and the new |
| hard disk has been connected, it's time to restart the computer and check that |
hard disk has been connected, it's time to restart the computer and check that |
| the device is correctly detected, using the |
the device is correctly detected, using the |
| [dmesg(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?dmesg+8+NetBSD-current) |
[[!template id=man name="dmesg" section="8"]] |
| command. This is the sample output for an NCR-875 controller: |
command. This is the sample output for an NCR-875 controller: |
| |
|
| ncr0 at pci0 dev 15 function 0: ncr 53c875 fast20 wide scsi |
ncr0 at pci0 dev 15 function 0: ncr 53c875 fast20 wide scsi |
|
Line 150 command. This is the sample output for a
|
Line 154 command. This is the sample output for a
|
| sd0(ncr0:2:0): 20.0 MB/s (50 ns, offset 15) |
sd0(ncr0:2:0): 20.0 MB/s (50 ns, offset 15) |
| sd0: 2063MB, 8188 cyl, 3 head, 172 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 4226725 sectors |
sd0: 2063MB, 8188 cyl, 3 head, 172 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 4226725 sectors |
| |
|
| If the device doesn't appear in the output, check that it is supported by the |
If the device doesn't appear in the output, check that it is supported by the |
| kernel that you are using; if necessary, compile a customized kernel (see |
kernel that you are using; if necessary, compile a customized kernel (see |
| [[Compiling the kernel|guide/kernel]]). |
[[Compiling the kernel|guide/kernel]]). |
| |
|
| Now the partitions can be created using the |
Now the partitions can be created using the |
| [fdisk(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?fdisk+8+NetBSD-current) |
[[!template id=man name="fdisk" section="8"]] |
| command. First, check the current status of the disk: |
command. First, check the current status of the disk: |
| |
|
| # fdisk sd0 |
# fdisk sd0 |
|
Line 174 command. First, check the current status
|
Line 178 command. First, check the current status
|
| 2: <UNUSED> |
2: <UNUSED> |
| 3: <UNUSED> |
3: <UNUSED> |
| |
|
| In this example the hard disk already contains a DOS partition, which will be |
In this example the hard disk already contains a DOS partition, which will be |
| deleted and replaced with a native NetBSD partition. The command |
deleted and replaced with a native NetBSD partition. The command |
| `fdisk -u sd0` allows to modify interactively the partitions. The modified data |
`fdisk -u sd0` allows to modify interactively the partitions. The modified data |
| will be written on the disk only before exiting and fdisk will request a |
will be written on the disk only before exiting and fdisk will request a |
| confirmation before writing, so you can work relaxedly. |
confirmation before writing, so you can work relaxedly. |
| |
|
| **Disk geometries** |
**Disk geometries** |
| |
|
| The geometry of the disk reported by fdisk can appear confusing. Dmesg reports |
The geometry of the disk reported by fdisk can appear confusing. Dmesg reports |
| 4226725 sectors with 8188/3/172 for C/H/S, but 8188\*3\*172 gives 4225008 and |
4226725 sectors with 8188/3/172 for C/H/S, but 8188\*3\*172 gives 4225008 and |
| not 4226725. What happens is that most modern disks don't have a fixed geometry |
not 4226725. What happens is that most modern disks don't have a fixed geometry |
| and the number of sectors per track changes depending on the cylinder: the only |
and the number of sectors per track changes depending on the cylinder: the only |
| interesting parameter is the number of sectors. The disk reports the C/H/S |
interesting parameter is the number of sectors. The disk reports the C/H/S |
| values but it's a fictitious geometry: the value 172 is the result of the total |
values but it's a fictitious geometry: the value 172 is the result of the total |
| number of sectors (4226725) divided by 8188 and then by 3. |
number of sectors (4226725) divided by 8188 and then by 3. |
| |
|
| To make things more confusing, the BIOS uses yet another *fake* geometry (C/H/S |
To make things more confusing, the BIOS uses yet another *fake* geometry (C/H/S |
| 524/128/63) which gives a total of 4225536, a value which is a better |
524/128/63) which gives a total of 4225536, a value which is a better |
| approximation to the real one than 425008. To partition the disk we will use the |
approximation to the real one than 425008. To partition the disk we will use the |
| BIOS geometry, to maintain compatibility with other operating systems, although |
BIOS geometry, to maintain compatibility with other operating systems, although |
| we will lose some sectors (4226725 - 4225536 = 1189 sectors = 594 KB). |
we will lose some sectors (4226725 - 4225536 = 1189 sectors = 594 KB). |
| |
|
| To create the BIOS partitions the command `fdisk -u` must be used; the result is |
To create the BIOS partitions the command `fdisk -u` must be used; the result is |
| the following: |
the following: |
| |
|
| Partition table: |
Partition table: |
|
Line 208 the following:
|
Line 212 the following:
|
| 2: <UNUSED> |
2: <UNUSED> |
| 3: <UNUSED> |
3: <UNUSED> |
| |
|
| Now it's time to create the disklabel for the NetBSD partition. The correct |
Now it's time to create the disklabel for the NetBSD partition. The correct |
| steps to do this are: |
steps to do this are: |
| |
|
| # disklabel sd0 > tempfile |
# disklabel sd0 > tempfile |
|
Line 226 you get the following message
|
Line 230 you get the following message
|
| |
|
| because the disklabel does not yet exist on the disk. |
because the disklabel does not yet exist on the disk. |
| |
|
| Now we create some disklabel partitions, editing the `tempfile` as already |
Now we create some disklabel partitions, editing the `tempfile` as already |
| explained. The result is: |
explained. The result is: |
| |
|
| # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] |
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] |
|
Line 235 explained. The result is:
|
Line 239 explained. The result is:
|
| d: 4226725 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 8191*) |
d: 4226725 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 8191*) |
| e: 2178658 2048067 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 3969*- 8191*) |
e: 2178658 2048067 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 3969*- 8191*) |
| |
|
| *Note*: When the disklabel has been created it is possible to optimize it |
*Note*: When the disklabel has been created it is possible to optimize it |
| studying the output of the command `newfs -N /dev/rsd0a`, which warns about |
studying the output of the command `newfs -N /dev/rsd0a`, which warns about |
| the existence of unallocated sectors at the end of a disklabel partition. The |
the existence of unallocated sectors at the end of a disklabel partition. The |
| values reported by newfs can be used to adjust the sizes of the partitions with |
values reported by newfs can be used to adjust the sizes of the partitions with |
| an iterative process. |
an iterative process. |
| |
|
| The final operation is the creation of the file systems for the newly defined |
The final operation is the creation of the file systems for the newly defined |
| partitions (`a:` and `e:`). |
partitions (`a:` and `e:`). |
| |
|
| # newfs /dev/rsd0a |
# newfs /dev/rsd0a |
| # newfs /dev/rsd0e |
# newfs /dev/rsd0e |
| |
|
| The disk is now ready for usage, and the two partitions can be mounted. For |
The disk is now ready for usage, and the two partitions can be mounted. For |
| example: |
example: |
| |
|
| # mount /dev/sd0a /mnt |
# mount /dev/sd0a /mnt |
| |
|
| If this succeeds, you may want to put an entry for the partition into |
If this succeeds, you may want to put an entry for the partition into |
| `/etc/fstab`. |
`/etc/fstab`. |
| |
|
| ## How to rebuild the devices in /dev |
## How to rebuild the devices in /dev |
| |
|
| First shutdown to single user, partitions still mounted `rw` (read-write); You |
First shutdown to single user, partitions still mounted `rw` (read-write); You |
| can do that by just typing `shutdown now` while you are in multi user mode, or |
can do that by just typing `shutdown now` while you are in multi user mode, or |
| reboot with the `-s` option and make `/` and `/dev` read-writable by doing. |
reboot with the `-s` option and make `/` and `/dev` read-writable by doing. |
| |
|
| # mount -u / |
# mount -u / |
![[BACK]](/icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
Return to misc.mdwn CVS log ![[TXT]](/icons/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/icons/dir.gif){kind=icon}
Up to [NetBSD Developer Wiki] / wikisrc / guide